Descartes' Dualism: Mind and Body

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Aristotle's view of the relationship between the soul and the body?

The soul is the 'form' of the body, making it alive, and they are inseparable. (correct)
The soul and body are separate entities, with the soul temporarily inhabiting the body.
The soul and body are distinct, but the soul is dependent on the body for its existence.
The body is merely a vessel for the immortal soul, as the soul pre-exists and survives the body.

According to Aristotle, the 'active intellect' is responsible for receiving information, similar to perception and memory.

False (B)

In Aristotelian terms, what is the unique attribute of the rational soul compared to the nutritive and sensitive souls?

reason and intellect

Aristotle used the term 'psyche' to refer to the _______, which he believed to be the essence of a living being.

soul Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of soul, as described by Aristotle, with its corresponding function:

Nutritive Soul = Responsible for growth and nourishment Sensitive Soul = Responsible for sensory perception and mobility Rational Soul = Responsible for reason and intellect, unique to humans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following capabilities is associated with the sensitive soul, according to Aristotle?

Sensory perception (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did Aristotle's concept of the soul differ from Plato's?

Aristotle considered the soul as the form of the body, inseparable from it, whereas Plato saw it as a separate, immortal entity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle described the 'active intellect' as having which primary function?

To process and understand information. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, what is the primary role of the intellect in a well-ordered soul?

To guide the will through reason and understanding. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas believed that sin enhances psychological well-being by allowing individuals to experience the full range of human emotions.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Aquinas's view, what is the relationship between virtue and psychological well-being?

Virtue leads to inner peace and alignment with divine order. Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, a well-ordered soul requires the intellect to guide the ______, which in turn guides the passions.

will Signup and view all the answers

Match each faculty of the soul to its primary function according to Aquinas:

Intellect = Reason and understanding Will = Choice and action Appetites/Passions = Desires and emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which faculty of the soul did Aquinas consider unique to humans, setting them apart from animals and plants?

The rational soul, capable of reason and intellect (A) Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas argued that human reason and faith are fundamentally opposed and cannot coexist in the pursuit of truth.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, what is the role of 'will' within the architecture of the soul?

To choose and act freely. Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas believed that humans can control their desires and emotions through the combined effort of and .

intellect, reason Signup and view all the answers

In Aquinas's moral psychology, how should emotions and desires be viewed and managed?

They are neither good nor bad but require guidance by reason to be properly directed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Seneca, what role does reason play in managing emotions?

Reason allows individuals to understand and control destructive emotions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Seneca advocated for ignoring emotions rather than understanding them.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What term did Seneca use to describe the acceptance of fate, which he believed was crucial for psychological well-being?

Amor fati Signup and view all the answers

Seneca considered ________ the most destructive emotion, as it could lead to irrational actions.

anger Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Stoic concepts with their descriptions:

Self-control

Resilience

Acceptance

Gratitude

Self-control = The ability to manage one's emotions and desires through reason. Resilience = The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and maintain mental strength. Acceptance = Acknowledging and aligning with the natural course of life. Gratitude = Appreciating the good aspects of life to foster mental stability. Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Aquinas, what is the role of the soul?

It is the essence of a person that cannot be separated from the body in a living human. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas believed reason and faith are contradictory and cannot be harmonized.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the faculties of the soul identified by Aquinas.

Intellect Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas believed that moral virtue is about controlling emotions and desires through ________ and aligning actions with God’s will.

reason Signup and view all the answers

Match each faculty of the soul, as identified by Aquinas, with its function:

Intellect

Will

Appetites/Passions

Intellect = Enables humans to think, reflect, and understand. Will = Allows humans to choose and act freely. Appetites/Passions = Include desires and emotions, needing guidance by reason. Signup and view all the answers

In Aquinas's view, how should humans approach their emotions and desires?

Control them through reason and align actions with God’s will. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, the rational soul is common to both humans and animals.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aquinas, what serves as the bridge between the material and spiritual worlds?

The Soul Signup and view all the answers

Aquinas believed that truths discovered through reason are ________ with truths revealed by God.

compatible Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions according to Aquinas:

Natural Revelation

Divine Revelation

Natural Revelation = Truths discovered through human reason. Divine Revelation = Truths revealed by God. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aristotle's Soul (Psyche)

The essence of a living being, responsible for life processes.

Nutritive Soul

Responsible for growth and nourishment; found in plants.