Dermis Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the thick layer of connective tissue attached to the epidermis?

Dermis

What types of structures does the dermis contain?

  • Hair follicles (correct)
  • Pili arrector muscles (correct)
  • Sebaceous glands (correct)
  • Sudoriferous glands (correct)
  • Nerves and nerve receptors (correct)
  • All of the above

How many sub-layers does the dermis contain?

Two

What type of connective tissue makes up the papillary layer?

<p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue makes up the reticular layer?

<p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypodermis layer?

<p>Protection against pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of skin repair?

<p>Cutaneous wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of the cutaneous wound healing process?

<p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the last stage of the cutaneous wound healing process?

<p>Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of cutaneous wound healing is the same regardless of the wound size.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about thin skin?

<p>It lacks arrector pili muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

<p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is found in the dermal papillae?

<p>Loose irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory receptor is found in dermal papillae?

<p>Meissner's corpuscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen is present in the reticular layer?

<p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticular layer is directly attached to the hypodermis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory receptors are found in the reticular layer?

<p>Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cells in the stratum basale called?

<p>Stem cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dermis

The thick, fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis, containing blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and nerve receptors.

Reticular Layer

The deepest part of the dermis, which blends with the subcutaneous layer.

Papillary Layer

The superficial layer of the dermis, containing loose connective tissue and blood vessels.

Kraissl Lines

Lines of greatest tension in the skin, which follow the direction of collagen fibers.

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Hypodermis

The layer beneath the dermis, connecting the skin to underlying fascia.

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Skin Repair (Cutaneous Wound Healing)

The process by which skin repairs itself after injury.

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Inflammation Phase

The initial stage of wound healing, characterized by blood clotting and inflammation.

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Epithelialization

The second stage of wound healing, where new epithelial cells migrate to close the wound.

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Granulation Tissue Formation

The third stage of wound healing, where new blood vessels and collagen form to create granulation tissue.

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Remodeling

The final stage of wound healing, where the wound is remodeled and scar tissue forms.

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Scar Tissue

A type of connective tissue that forms in wounds, characterized by dense collagen fibers.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

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Thick Skin

The type of skin found on palms and soles, thicker and more durable due to wear and tear.

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Thin Skin

The type of skin found on most of the body, thinner and containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

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Keratinocytes

The predominant cell type in the epidermis, responsible for producing keratin.

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Melanocytes

Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

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Langerhans Cells

Specialized cells in the epidermis that participate in immune responses.

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Merkel Cells

Specialized cells in the epidermis that sense touch.

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Basement Membrane

The thin layer of tissue separating the dermis from the epidermis.

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Dermal Papillae

Finger-like projections of the dermis that interlock with the epidermis, increasing surface area.

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Epidermal Ridges

Raised areas on the epidermis that interlock with dermal papillae.

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Meissner’s Corpuscles

Sensory receptors in the dermal papillae, sensitive to light touch.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

Sensory receptors in the reticular layer, sensitive to deep pressure and vibrations.

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Stratum Basale (Germinativum)

The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new cells are produced.

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Stratum Spinosum

The second layer of the epidermis, containing cells that begin to produce keratin.

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Stratum Granulosum

The third layer of the epidermis, where cells begin to flatten and accumulate keratin.

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Stratum Lucidum

The fourth layer of the epidermis, where cells are flattened and filled with keratin.

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Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, made up of dead, keratinized cells.

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Study Notes

The Dermis

  • The dermis is a thick layer of connective tissue underlying the epidermis
  • It's attached to the epidermis and extends into the subcutaneous tissue
  • It's composed of fibrous connective tissue and contains arterioles to deliver oxygen, glucose, water and ions to the epidermis and its structures
  • It contains hair follicles, piloerector muscles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands, as well as nerves and nerve receptors for detecting sensations
  • The dermis is divided into two sublayers:

Papillary Layer

  • This layer is composed of loose connective tissue
  • It fills the hollows (dermal papillae) at the deep surface of the epidermis
  • It contains capillaries frequently
  • The collagen fibers are finer than in the reticular layer

Reticular Layer

  • This layer is denser and has fewer cells compared to the papillary layer
  • It contains thick collagen fibers (5-10 µm), often bundled together (up to 100 µm thick)
  • These fibers form an interlacing network with a predominant orientation parallel to the skin's surface
  • The orientation of the fibers varies in different parts of the body

Skin Repair/Wound Healing

  • Skin has a strong capacity for repair, vital for healing wounds
  • The process involves overlapping stages, varying in duration depending on wound size.
  • Initially, blood from blood vessels coagulates, releasing growth factors and chemokines, while neutrophils and macrophages remove debris and bacteria.
  • Inflammation typically lasts 2-3 days, in which epithelial cells migrate beneath the blood clot.
  • Fibroblasts and newly formed blood vessels form granulation tissue to replace the clot
  • Eventually, skin continuity is re-established, although the ability to regenerate hair or glands may be lost
  • Scarring may occur if significant tissue damage or loss has happened

Integumentary System Summary

  • The integumentary system consists of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and its derivatives.
  • The epidermis is non-vascular, stratified squamous epithelium that protects against water loss and pathogens.
  • The dermis, vascular and deep to the epidermis, is composed of irregular connective tissue supporting skin structures and providing sensation.

Epidermis (Thick vs Thin Skin)

  • Thick skin covers palms and soles, lacking hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and smooth muscle.
  • Thin skin covers most other body parts, containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles.
  • The major cell type in the epidermis is keratinocytes.
  • Other cells include melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel's cells
  • The dermis is separated from the epidermis by a basement membrane

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