Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder: Mood Disorders

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What is the primary difference between a person experiencing a normal mood swing and a person with a mood disorder?

The frequency of the mood swings

The duration of the mood

The intensity of the mood

The presence of other symptoms that cause significant distress (correct)

What is the term used to describe disorders that only involve depressive episodes, without manic or hypomanic episodes?

Bipolar disorder

Depressive disorder

Mood disorder

Unipolar disorder (correct)

According to the DSM-5-TR, what is the primary characteristic of major depressive disorder?

One or more hypomanic episodes

One or more major depressive episodes (correct)

One or more manic episodes

One or more episodes of anxiety

What is the term used to describe the combination of symptoms that cause significant distress and impairment in daily life?

Symptom presentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of reviewing biological and environmental risk factors in mood disorders?

To understand the development and course of mood disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of this section of the text?

Major mood disorders, their symptom presentations, and risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a period of abnormal mood that causes significant distress and impairment in daily life?

Depressive episode Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes major depressive disorder from persistent depressive disorder?

The duration of the depressive episode Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of mood disorders on an individual's life?

Social and occupational difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing treatments for mood disorders in this section?

To provide an overview of treatment options for mood disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of symptoms required to meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What is the 12-month prevalence rate for persistent depressive disorder?

0.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age of onset for major depressive disorder?

Mid-20s Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people with major depressive disorder experience a second episode?

40%–50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration of time a person with persistent depressive disorder can be without symptoms?

Two months Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of people with major depressive disorder who experience an anxiety disorder?

59% Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder?

Inversely correlated Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of people who experience a major depressive episode and later experience a manic episode?

5%–10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence rate for major depressive disorder?

16.6% Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in prevalence rates of major depressive disorder between women and men?

Women experience 2 to 3 times higher rates Signup and view all the answers

In which cultural group has a higher prevalence rate of major depressive disorder been found compared to European Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans?

Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution to the development of major depressive disorder according to twin studies?

Genetic effects Signup and view all the answers

What type of stressful life events are most strongly related to depression?

Severe stressful life events, such as loss of a significant relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between neural circuitry and major depressive disorder?

Increased activation in brain regions involved in the stress response Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential predictor of increases in depressive symptoms in both men and women?

Marital dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of inheritance of major depressive disorder?

Not fully understood Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential environmental factor that contributes to the risk of major depressive disorder?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fMRI in depression research?

Examining neural circuitry Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between major depressive disorder and stressful life events?

Stressful life events are more likely to predict the first episode than subsequent episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between depressive symptoms and marital dissatisfaction?

Depressive symptoms and marital dissatisfaction predict each other Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals with a pessimistic attributional style?

They make internal, global, and stable attributions to negative events Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what type of relatives or spouses are associated with higher relapse rates of major depressive disorder?

Those who are critical and emotionally overinvolved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a theoretical model that incorporates attributional styles in the etiology of depression?

Hopelessness Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the attributional style that serves as a vulnerability to developing major depressive disorder?

Pessimistic attributional style Signup and view all the answers

Who is the researcher who has studied the role of attributional styles in the etiology of major depressive disorder?

Abramson Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a person with a pessimistic attributional style who fails an exam?

They think they are stupid and will always do poorly Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the way people think, interpret, and recall information?

Attributional style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a pessimistic attributional style?

Making external attributions to negative events Signup and view all the answers

Who is the researcher who has studied the role of relatives and spouses in the etiology of major depressive disorder?

Butzlaff Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome associated with people living with critical and emotionally overinvolved relatives or spouses?

Higher relapse rates of major depressive disorder Signup and view all the answers