Dependency Grammars in Linguistics

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What are some examples of familiar grammatical relations in English?

Subject, direct object, indirect object

Why is the information encoded in grammatical relations critical in languages with flexible word order?

Phrase-based constituent syntax provides little help.

What is the Universal Dependencies project?

An open community effort to annotate dependencies and other aspects of grammar across more than 100 languages.

How many dependency relations are provided in the Universal Dependencies inventory?

37 Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of Clausal Argument Relations in dependency grammars?

NSUBJ (Nominal subject), OBJ (Direct object), IOBJ (Indirect object), CCOMP (Clausal complement) Signup and view all the answers

What do Nominal Modifier Relations include?

NMOD (Nominal modifier), AMOD (Adjectival modifier), APPOS (Appositional modifier), DET (Determiner), CASE (Prepositions, postpositions, and other case markers) Signup and view all the answers

What are clausal relations in the Universal Dependency scheme?

They describe syntactic roles with respect to a predicate, often a verb. Signup and view all the answers

What do modifier relations in the Universal Dependency scheme categorize?

The ways that words can modify their heads. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Universal Dependency relations?

They provide cross-linguistic standards. Signup and view all the answers

How can a dependency structure be represented?

As a directed graph G = (V, A), consisting of a set of vertices V, and a set of ordered pairs of vertices A. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it mentioned that the familiar notions of subject and object go well beyond in linguistic taxonomies?

To highlight the complexity and diversity of grammatical relations across languages. Signup and view all the answers

In the Universal Dependencies, what do NSUBJ and DOBJ identify in a sentence?

NSUBJ identifies the subject and DOBJ identifies the direct object of the predicate. Signup and view all the answers

What action is the only possible one in Step 1 of transition-based dependency parsing?

SHIFT Signup and view all the answers

Why is LEFTARC not selected in Step 4 to connect 'book' and 'flight'?

To allow later attachment of 'Houston' Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the immediate attachment of 'Houston' in Step 4 of the dependency parsing example?

Precondition on choosing RIGHTARC Signup and view all the answers

Why is SHIFT the only viable option in some steps of the transition-based dependency parsing process?

Because other actions are not applicable yet Signup and view all the answers

What does the operation of a parser in the context of a reference dependency tree help derive?

Appropriate training instances consisting of configuration-transition pairs Signup and view all the answers

How are training instances obtained from a treebank for transition-based dependency parsing?

By simulating the operation of a parser in the context of a reference dependency tree Signup and view all the answers