Dentistry: Fluids in Living Systems and Solutions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about solutions is incorrect?

The solvent is the dissolving medium of a solution, usually the greater portion.

Water and alcohol are examples of immiscible substances. (correct)

The solute is always the smaller portion in a solution.

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components.

What is the difference between solvation and hydration?

Solvation is the process of adding a water molecule to an organic compound, while hydration is the dissolution of a substance in a particular solvent.

There is no difference between solvation and hydration; they are synonymous terms.

Solvation is the dissolution of a substance in a particular solvent, while hydration is the process of adding a water molecule to an organic compound.

Solvation is the process of solvent and solute molecules' reorganization into solvation complexes, while hydration refers to the process of adding a water molecule to an organic compound. (correct)

Which of the following pairs of substances are considered immiscible?

Acetone and water

Water and alcohol

Water and oil (correct)

Ethanol and methanol

If a substance has high solubility in a particular solvent, what does this imply?

The substance can dissolve easily in the solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe substances that can be mixed together in any proportion to form a homogeneous solution?

Miscible Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the degree of saturation of a solution?

The temperature of the solution. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a saturated solution?

The solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature, with undissolved solid remaining. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the 'like dissolves like' rule?

Polar solvents tend to dissolve polar or ionic solutes, while nonpolar solvents tend to dissolve nonpolar solutes. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of solutions, what is the primary role of the solvent?

To act as the dissolving medium for the solute. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a supersaturated solution?

The solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature, and the solution is unstable. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a colloidal system?

It is a heterogeneous mixture where the solute particles are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect the solubility of a solute in a solvent?

The pressure applied to the solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes colloidal particles from atoms, ions, or smaller molecules?

Colloidal particles are typically larger in size Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon called when colloidal suspensions can scatter rays of light?

Tyndall effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a suspension?

The particles are large enough to be filtered out Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

Sand in water Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a solution and a colloidal solution?

Colloidal solutions have larger particles than solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a suspension that is not shared by a colloidal dispersion?

The particles are large enough to be filtered out Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluids in Living Systems

Fluids in the body are complex mixtures of colloids, ions, and molecules, and their behavior is vital for life.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components, with a solute (a substance dissolved in a solvent) and a solvent (the dissolving medium).

Solutions

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve, with some substances (like water and alcohol) being miscible (able to be mixed together in any proportion) and others being immiscible (unable to be mixed together).
There are five main types of solutions.

The Solution Process

Hydration is the process of adding a water molecule to an organic compound, while solvation is the process of solvent and solute molecules' reorganization into solvation complexes.
Solvation is the dissolution of a substance in a particular solvent, with solvation of a solute by water being called hydration.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Intermolecular forces, pressure, and temperature affect solubility, with the general rule being "Like dissolves Like" (polar solvents tend to dissolve polar or ionic solutes, and nonpolar solvents tend to dissolve nonpolar solutes).

Degree of Saturation

A saturated solution is one where the solvent holds as much solute as possible at a given temperature, with undissolved solid remaining in the flask.
An unsaturated solution is one where less than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent, with no solid remaining in the flask.
A supersaturated solution is one where the solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at a given temperature, making it unstable and susceptible to crystallization.

Colloids and Colloidal Dispersions

A colloid is a heterogeneous system or mixture in which the minute particles of one substance are dispersed in another substance, called the dispersion medium.
Colloidal dispersions are characterized by particles that are larger than atoms, ions, or molecules, and may consist of aggregates of many molecules.
The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by colloidal suspensions.

Suspensions

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances, with very small pieces of solid spread through a liquid but not dissolved.
Suspensions may separate quickly or stay suspended for a long time, depending on their contents.

Differences between Solutions and Colloidal Solutions

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures, while colloidal solutions are heterogeneous mixtures.
Solutions have particles that are dissolved, while colloidal solutions have particles that are suspended but not dissolved.
Solutions do not scatter light, while colloidal solutions exhibit the Tyndall effect.
Solutions do not separate, while colloidal solutions may separate quickly or stay suspended for a long time.

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Description

Explore the importance of fluids in living systems, including colloids, ions, and molecules. Learn about the behavior of these fluids in the body and the essential role they play in sustaining life. Test your knowledge on solutions, solutes, solvents, and solubility.