69 Questions
Which type of endodontic infection is characterized by microorganisms introduced during treatment, between appointments, and after root canal obturation?
Secondary infection
What is the main characteristic of persistent endodontic infection?
Resistant to irrigation and medication
Which type of microorganisms are primarily responsible for secondary endodontic infections?
Facultative micro-organisms
What is the main impact of extraradicular infection in the periradicular area?
Acute apical abscess
What is the term for free floating single microorganisms inside the root canal that can cause infection?
Planktonic form
Which cellular component of microorganisms protects bacteria from phagocytosis?
Capsule
What makes bacterial biofilms resistant to antimicrobial agents?
Matrix synthesis and attachment to a solid surface
What is the main function of neutralizing enzymes secreted by microorganisms?
Neutralize antibodies
What is the main component of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released after death of the microorganism, and known for activating the complement system?
Lipopolysaccharides
What type of irritant may lead to pulpal irritation due to pressure, friction, and heat?
Physical irritants
Which type of pulp changes is characterized by a soft solid cheesy like mass known as caseation?
Liquefactive pulp changes
What is the typical response to percussion in the examination of retrogressive pulp changes?
Negative
In which condition does inflammation in the pulp initiate resorption of adjacent hard tissues?
Internal resorption
What is the appropriate treatment for previously treated pulp according to the text?
Endodontic surgery
Which educational aim of the lecture includes detailing the etiology and progress of pulp and periapical injuries?
To detail the etiology and progress of pulp and periapical injuries
What is the main aim in the category of 'previously treated pulp' according to the text?
Completion of partial root canal therapy or retreatment of failed root canal treatment
Which reading material is advised for students who want to read about 'problems in endodontics'?
Problems in endodontics, Etiology, diagnosis and treatment, 2009, Michael Hulsmann and Edgar
What response is expected at high current sensitivity test in retrogressive pulp changes?
Negative
What does atrophy refer to in retrogressive pulp changes?
Wasting away or decrease in size.
Which type of pulp changes includes deposition of calcium salts in dead or degenerated tissue?
Calcification
What is the main cause of pulp and periradicular infection?
Bacteria
Which classification of pulp inflammation is based on the severity and duration of the condition?
Chronic and acute pulpitis
Which of the following is NOT a pathway of pulp and periradicular infection?
Direct pulp exposure due to electric irritation
What is the definition of reversible pulpitis?
A clinical condition associated with subjective and objective findings indicating mild inflammation in the pulp tissue, which can be reversed by removing the irritant.
What are the signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis?
Sharp throbbing pain that lingers and increases at night.
What is the most common cause of ingress of bacteria to the pulp?
Caries
Which condition is a special form of chronic pulpitis that occurs in molar teeth of children and young adults?
Chronic open hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)
Which type of irritant is NOT a cause of ingress of bacteria to pulp?
Thermal irritation
Which stage of irreversible pulpitis involves hot and cold stimuli causing pain due to C & A delta fibers?
Early stage
Which type of injury is NOT detailed in the educational aims of the lecture?
Periodontal injury
What is the response to the ingress of bacteria to the pulp?
Depends on No
What is the primary treatment for reversible pulpitis?
Treatment of the cause by removing irritants and sealing exposed dentin
What is the differential diagnosis between reversible and irreversible pulpitis?
+ve response to electric sensitivity test at low current
What is the main cause of direct pulp exposure?
Caries
What are the clinical features of chronic closed pulpitis?
-ve response to heat and cold sensitivity
What is responsible for ingress of bacteria to lateral canals?
Periodontal disease with deep pockets
Which type of irritant is NOT listed as a main irritant of the pulp?
Electrical irritation
What type of infection did the lecture focus on?
Pulp and periradicular infection
What is the main function of neutralizing enzymes secreted by microorganisms?
To detoxify harmful substances and facilitate bacterial survival
What is the main impact of extraradicular infection in the periradicular area?
Stimulation of osteoclastic activity
What type of irritant may lead to pulpal irritation due to pressure, friction, and heat?
Chemicals from root canal treatment
What is responsible for ingress of bacteria to lateral canals?
Microorganisms introduced during treatment
What does atrophy refer to in retrogressive pulp changes?
Decrease in the number of odontoblasts
Which type of endodontic infection is characterized by microorganisms introduced during treatment, between appointments, and after root canal obturation?
Persistent endodontic infection
What is the differential diagnosis between reversible and irreversible pulpitis?
Pain on biting vs. pain upon release of pressure
Which reading material is advised for students who want to read about 'problems in endodontics'?
Research paper : 'Current Challenges in Endodontic Treatment'
What is the main characteristic of persistent endodontic infection?
Presence of microbial biofilms
Which stage of irreversible pulpitis involves hot and cold stimuli causing pain due to C & A delta fibers?
Acute apical periodontitis (advanced stage)
What type of infection did the lecture focus on?
Symptomatic pulpoperiapical disease
What is the main cause of direct pulp exposure?
Trauma
Which condition is characterized by the formation of pus draining through a sinus tract?
Chronic periapical abscess
What is the characteristic radiographic feature that differentiates periapical granuloma from chronic periapical abscess?
Well-defined radiolucent area surrounded by radioopaque margins
Which treatment involves root canal treatment, surgical removal of the cyst, and apicectomy?
Periapical cyst
What is the main characteristic radiographic feature of condensing osteitis?
Increase in bone density at the apex
What is the primary cause of a periapical granuloma?
Irritation and proliferation of epithelial rests of Malassez
Which condition is diagnosed based on a well-defined periapical radiolucency surrounded by radioopaque margins?
Periapical granuloma
What is the typical response to percussion in the examination of periapical granuloma?
Painless or slight discomfort
Which reading material is advised for students to read about the details of endodontic infections?
Cohen`s pathways of the pulp, 11th edition, 2016, Kenneth M. Hargreaves and Louis H. Berman.
What is the main cause of direct pulp exposure?
Trauma to the tooth
What type of irritant may lead to pulpal irritation due to pressure, friction, and heat?
Physical irritants
What are the clinical features of chronic closed pulpitis?
No visible symptoms
What is responsible for ingress of bacteria to lateral canals?
Pulpal inflammation
What makes bacterial biofilms resistant to antimicrobial agents?
Formation of extracellular matrix
What type of irritant is NOT listed as a main irritant of the pulp?
Bacterial irritants
What is the differential diagnosis between reversible and irreversible pulpitis?
Severity and duration of symptoms
Which type of endodontic infection is characterized by microorganisms introduced during treatment, between appointments, and after root canal obturation?
Secondary endodontic infection
What is the main impact of extraradicular infection in the periradicular area?
Formation of periapical lesions
Which type of infection did the lecture focus on?
Primary endodontic infection
What is the response to the ingress of bacteria to the pulp?
Pulpal inflammation
Study Notes
Endodontic Infections
- Iatrogenic infection: microorganisms introduced during treatment, between appointments, and after root canal obturation
- Persistent endodontic infection: characterized by failure of treatment to eliminate infection
- Secondary endodontic infections: caused by anaerobic microorganisms
- Extraradicular infection: causes bone resorption and formation of a periapical lesion
- Free-floating single microorganisms inside the root canal: can cause infection
- Bacterial biofilms: resistant to antimicrobial agents due to complex structure
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): protects bacteria from phagocytosis
- Neutralizing enzymes: secreted by microorganisms to break down antimicrobial agents
- Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria: releases lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after death, activating the complement system
Pulpal Irritation and Inflammation
- Pressure, friction, and heat: types of irritants that can cause pulpal irritation
- Retrogressive pulp changes: pulp changes caused by irritation, characterized by atrophy
- Caseation: soft, solid, cheesy-like mass characteristic of retrogressive pulp changes
- Inflammation: leads to resorption of adjacent hard tissues
- Reversible pulpitis: characterized by pain in response to stimuli, but returns to normal
- Irreversible pulpitis: characterized by prolonged pain, not responsive to stimuli
- Direct pulp exposure: caused by cavity, trauma, or decay
- Chronic closed pulpitis: characterized by asymptomatic, chronic inflammation
- Lateral canals: ingress of bacteria through lateral canals causes infection
Periapical Infections
- Periapical granuloma: chronic periapical infection, characterized by radiolucent area surrounded by radioopaque margins
- Chronic periapical abscess: characterized by formation of pus draining through a sinus tract
- Apical cyst: characterized by a well-defined periapical radiolucency surrounded by radioopaque margins
- Condensing osteitis: characterized by radiographic feature of increased bone density around the apex
- Periapical infection: primary cause of periapical granuloma
Test your knowledge of the classification system for dental pulp inflammation and periapical diseases. Identify the different categories based on severity, duration, symptoms, and healing ability. Explore the various responses and conditions associated with pulp and periapical diseases.
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