Dental Plaque and Calculus Quiz

Microbial Plaque Formation and Dental Calculus Growth

• Dental calculus composition: calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, organic content
• Growth stages of dental calculus: brucite, octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, magnesium whitlockite
• Bacterial plaque formation stages: conditioning film formation, bacterial adhesion, multiplication, maturation, detachment
• Conditioning film formation process and detection time
• Processes of reversible and irreversible bacterial adhesion to tooth surface
• Growth of attached bacterial cells and biofilm matrix synthesis
• Maturation stage and establishment of a stable biofilm composition
• Detachment stage and response of bacteria to environmental changes
• Structural traits of bacteria: arrangements (paired, grapelike cluster, chains) and shapes (round, rod, spiral)
• Physiological traits of bacteria: response to oxygen and enzyme systems for O2 neutralization
• Classification of bacteria based on O2 requirements: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles
• Microbial growth distribution on tooth surfaces and interdental areas

Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis and Treatment

• Dental plaque induced gingivitis is defined as an inflammatory lesion resulting from interactions between dental plaque biofilm and the host's immune inflammatory response, contained within the gingiva and reversible by reducing plaque levels at and apical to the gingival margin.
• Clinical features of dental plaque induced gingivitis include redness of gingival tissue, bleeding on probing, changes in contour, and the presence of calculus or plaque without radiographic evidence of bone loss, with inflammation being reversible by removing or disrupting the biofilm.
• Experimental gingivitis studies, such as Loe et al (1965), have shown that gross accumulation of plaque leads to marginal gingivitis in all subjects within 10 to 21 days, with inflammation subsiding within a week of adequate oral hygiene resumption.
• The gingival index, as defined by Loe (1967), categorizes gingival health into grades 0 to 3 based on the presence and severity of inflammation, redness, edema, and bleeding on probing.
• Mechanical removal of biofilms through prophylaxis, scaling and root planing (SRP), and pocket reduction surgery is essential for eliminating oral cavity biofilms and treating gingivitis.
• Supra- and subgingival calculus removal is crucial for preventing and treating periodontal diseases due to its association with oral biofilms, often performed using hand instruments, ultrasonic scalers, and ER:YAG lasers.
• Systemic antibiotics, like amoxicillin and metronidazole, are effective in treating aggressive periodontitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis when used adjunctively with SRP, while locally delivered antibiotics, such as Actisite and Atridox, have shown significant reduction in probing depth, bleeding on probing, and improvement in clinical attachment level.
• Host modulation therapy aims to suppress the inflammatory response by adjusting the host's response to microbial challenge, with subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) showing significant benefits in managing chronic periodontitis by blocking matrix metalloproteinases involved in tissue destruction.
• The efficacy of treatment is assessed biologically by determining alterations in microflora and resolution of the host inflammatory response, and clinically by measuring reductions in probing depth, clinical attachment level gain, bleeding on probing, prevention of tooth loss, and patient compliance.

Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis and Treatment

• Dental plaque induced gingivitis is defined as an inflammatory lesion resulting from interactions between dental plaque biofilm and the host's immune inflammatory response, contained within the gingiva and reversible by reducing plaque levels at and apical to the gingival margin.
• Clinical features of dental plaque induced gingivitis include redness of gingival tissue, bleeding on probing, changes in contour, and the presence of calculus or plaque without radiographic evidence of bone loss, with inflammation being reversible by removing or disrupting the biofilm.
• Experimental gingivitis studies, such as Loe et al (1965), have shown that gross accumulation of plaque leads to marginal gingivitis in all subjects within 10 to 21 days, with inflammation subsiding within a week of adequate oral hygiene resumption.
• The gingival index, as defined by Loe (1967), categorizes gingival health into grades 0 to 3 based on the presence and severity of inflammation, redness, edema, and bleeding on probing.
• Mechanical removal of biofilms through prophylaxis, scaling and root planing (SRP), and pocket reduction surgery is essential for eliminating oral cavity biofilms and treating gingivitis.
• Supra- and subgingival calculus removal is crucial for preventing and treating periodontal diseases due to its association with oral biofilms, often performed using hand instruments, ultrasonic scalers, and ER:YAG lasers.
• Systemic antibiotics, like amoxicillin and metronidazole, are effective in treating aggressive periodontitis and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis when used adjunctively with SRP, while locally delivered antibiotics, such as Actisite and Atridox, have shown significant reduction in probing depth, bleeding on probing, and improvement in clinical attachment level.
• Host modulation therapy aims to suppress the inflammatory response by adjusting the host's response to microbial challenge, with subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) showing significant benefits in managing chronic periodontitis by blocking matrix metalloproteinases involved in tissue destruction.
• The efficacy of treatment is assessed biologically by determining alterations in microflora and resolution of the host inflammatory response, and clinically by measuring reductions in probing depth, clinical attachment level gain, bleeding on probing, prevention of tooth loss, and patient compliance.