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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of endothelin-1 in the dental pulp microvascular bed?
Which substance is likely released from ischemic tissue and plays a significant role in vasodilation?
What effect does angiotensin II have on pulpal blood vessels?
Which of the following substances are involved in the vasodilatory process in pulpal vessels?
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How do the shear forces from blood flow affect the endothelial cells in pulpal vessels?
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Study Notes
Local Control of Blood Flow
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Endothelin-1, found in the lining of pulpal blood vessels, can reduce blood flow when directly applied, but does not affect the resting vascular tone
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The lining of pulpal blood vessels releases vasodilators like prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) to regulate blood vessel tone
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NO normally provides a vasodilating effect on pulpal vessels
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The force of blood flow against the vessel lining helps regulate the release of NO
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Adenosine, released from tissues experiencing lack of oxygen, helps regulate blood flow in response to low oxygen levels in the pulp
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When applied from the outside of the vessel wall, adenosine causes pulpal vessels to dilate
### Humoral Control of Blood Flow
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Humoral control of blood flow in the dental pulp relates to the influence of substances circulating in the blood on blood vessels
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Angiotensin II, produced by the renin-angiotensin system, normally constricts pulpal blood vessels
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Receptors for angiotensin II (AT1 and AT2) have been found in rat pulp
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Epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, constricts pulpal blood vessels by activating alpha-adrenergic receptors, similar to the effect of norepinephrine released from nerve fibers
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Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) also constricts pulpal arterioles when applied directly to the blood vessels
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