Dental Materials Module 1

Study Notes

History of Dental Materials

Dentistry dates back to approximately 3000 B.C.
Gold bands and wires used by Phoenicians began around 2500 B.C.
The Mayans used sea shell implants in anterior tooth sockets around 600 A.D.
Ambroise Paré (1509–1590) served as royal surgeon to several French kings.
Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761) is recognized as the father of modern dentistry.
Early dentistry focused primarily on aesthetics rather than function.
Ivory, porcelain, wax, and gypsum were common materials for restorations and impressions.
Zinc oxide-eugenol and zinc phosphate emerged as materials to bond restorations to teeth.

Dental Materials in the 19th Century

Amalgam became the preferred filling material, introduced to the U.S. by Crawcour brothers in 1833.
G.V. Black developed a formula for modern amalgam alloy in 1895.
Porcelain was utilized for inlays and crowns during this time.
John Greenwood crafted dentures from hippo ivory for George Washington in 1789.

Dental Materials in the 20th Century

Advancement in casting techniques for dental materials.
Alloys of gold, titanium, chromium with cobalt, and nickel became common.
Cast metals were frequently used for crowns, bridges, and partial dentures.
Introduction of polymers and composites expanded available material options.

Properties of Dental Materials

Research by the ADA focuses on quantifying physical and chemical properties, developing new materials and test methods.
Physical Property: Involves mechanics, thermodynamics, and other physical sciences.
Chemical Property: Observed when a substance participates in a chemical reaction.
Biological Property: Ability of a material to provoke an appropriate biological response.
Mechanical Property: Concerns energy and forces and their impact on materials.

Gypsum Products

Cast: A reproduction of the shape created from an impression.
Model: A positive likeness of an object.
Die: Replication of a prepared tooth made from various materials.
Dental Plaster: The beta form of calcium hemihydrate (Plaster of Paris).
Dental Stone: The alpha form of calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
Setting Expansion: The volume increase that occurs as a material hardens.
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate: Composition of gypsum product after mixing with water.
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate: Unreacted particles of gypsum.

Key Concepts in Gypsum Products

Accelerator: Chemical that speeds up a reaction.
Retarder: Chemical that slows down the reaction rate for extended working time.
Spatulation: Method of mixing materials by hand or mechanically.
Water/Ratio: Calculated by dividing the volume of water by the powder's weight.
Working Time: Duration a mix remains workable after preparation.
Calcination: Process of heating gypsum to remove volatile components.
Hygroscopic Setting Expansion: Expansion synonymous with gypsum setting while in water.

Types of Gypsum

Type 1: Impression plaster containing starch for solubility.
Type 2: Dental plaster (beta hemihydrate) treated at 110-120°C.
Type 3: Dental stone (alpha hemihydrate) produced through steam pressure and heat.
Type 4 and 5: Die stones made with modified hemihydrate techniques.

Description

Dive into the rich history of dental materials in this quiz, tracing the roots of dentistry back to ancient civilizations. Discover the innovations introduced by cultures like the Phoenicians, Mayans, and Aztecs, and learn about influential figures such as Ambroise Paré and Pierre Fauchard. This knowledge is essential for any aspiring dental professional.