Dental Materials Lesson 1: Background and History

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Questions and Answers

What year was polymerized acrylic resin introduced as a denture base material?

1919

1928

1907

1935 (correct)

Which organization took over dental research in 1928?

Fédération Dentaire Internationale

American Dental Association (correct)

National Bureau of Standards

International Organization for Standardization

Who developed a more refined method for producing cast inlays in 1907?

Dr.G.V. Black

International Organization for Standardization

ADA Council on Scientific Affairs

Taggert (correct)

Which two organizations are mentioned as part of international standards for dental products?

Fédération Dentaire Internationale and ISO Signup and view all the answers

What significant advancement did Dr.G.V. Black contribute to in 1895?

Scientific principles for dental material selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of dental materials science?

The study of materials used in dentistry Signup and view all the answers

Which material is classified as a preventive dental material?

Glass Ionomers Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes a material ideal for restorative dentistry?

It is biocompatible and bonds permanently to tooth structure Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is considered the Father of modern dentistry?

Pierre Fauchard Signup and view all the answers

Which material did Queen Elizabeth I reportedly use for dental fillings?

Cloth fragments Signup and view all the answers

In which century did Pierre Fauchard describe a method for constructing dentures?

18th century Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant property of a material used for restorative dentistry?

It should initiate tissue repair or regeneration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 19th-century advancements in dental materials?

Advancement of science and education in dentistry Signup and view all the answers

Which material is classified as an indirect restorative material?

Dental Gypsum Products Signup and view all the answers

What is the common ADA specification number for Alginate impression material?

ADA No. 18 Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the color and optical effect in dental materials?

Thermal Conductivity Signup and view all the answers

What does viscosity specifically measure in dental materials?

Resistance of a fluid to flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of low viscous materials?

They flow quickly. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes thixotropy in materials?

Increased flow under stress Signup and view all the answers

What property governs heat transfer through a material in dental applications?

Thermal Conductivity Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the dominant color of an object?

Hue Signup and view all the answers

What defines creep in materials?

The time-dependent plastic strain of a material under constant stress Signup and view all the answers

Which property measures the speed at which temperature changes spread through an object?

Thermal Diffusivity Signup and view all the answers

What describes an insulator in terms of thermal properties?

Low thermal conductivity Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of electrochemical reactions in metals?

Tarnish Signup and view all the answers

What is the coefficient of thermal expansion defined as?

The change in length per unit of the original length when heated by 1 °C Signup and view all the answers

What leads to galvanism in patients with dental materials?

Presence of dissimilar metals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes compressive stress?

Stress that leads to material shrinkage Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of shear stress?

Twisting of a bolt Signup and view all the answers

What does stress measure in terms of material properties?

A unit for force Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a material reaches its proportional limit?

It exhibits permanent deformation Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate strength of the material mentioned?

600 megapascal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress causes material fracture from tensile forces?

Tensile stress Signup and view all the answers

What defines ductility in materials?

The ability to sustain large permanent deformation Signup and view all the answers

What does malleability refer to in materials?

Ability to sustain deformation without rupture under compression Signup and view all the answers

What is the Knoop hardness test used for?

Determining indentation resistance Signup and view all the answers

What type of strength is specifically associated with shear stress?

Shear strength Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dental Materials: Background and History

Dental materials encompass the science of substances used in dentistry, covering their chemical and physical properties, manipulation, and applications.
Preventive dental materials include pit and fissure sealants and glass ionomers; restorative materials repair or replace tooth structure.
Auxiliary materials serve supportive roles in various dental procedures, while ideal restorative materials are biocompatible and bond permanently to tooth structures, imitating the properties of enamel and dentin.

Historical Figures in Dentistry

Ambroise Paré (1509-1590) used lead or cork for dental fillings, emphasizing early material innovations.
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) filled tooth cavities with cloth fragments.
Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761), known as the "Father of Modern Dentistry," introduced techniques for restorations using tin foil and developed methods for denture construction from ivory.

Advances in Dental Materials

Significant developments occurred in the 19th century, particularly with Dr. G.V. Black's contributions to scientific principles in 1895 and the establishment of dental standards by the ADA in 1928.
Notable materials include polymerized acrylic resin, introduced in 1935, enhancing denture construction.

Types of Dental Materials

Classifications include:
- Restorative materials: both direct and indirect, temporary and long-term.
- Preventive materials: aimed at maintaining dental health.
- Auxiliary materials: support various dental functions.

ADA Specification Numbers

Numerous specifications exist for dental materials, including:
- No. 1 for Dental Amalgam Alloy.
- No. 25 for Dental Gypsum.
- No. 39 for Pits and Fissure Sealants.

Properties of Dental Materials

Rheology defines material flow: high viscosity materials flow slowly, while low viscosity ones flow readily, affecting ease of manipulation.
Thermal Properties involve thermal conductivity, differentiating between conductors (high conductivity) and insulators (low conductivity).
Thermal Diffusivity measures how quickly temperature changes spread through materials.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion indicates material length changes per degree Celsius in temperature.

Electrochemical Properties

Corrosion occurs from electrochemical reactions, leading to the dissolution of metals in oral environments.
Galvanism results from dissimilar metals interacting, causing detectable electrical currents in patients.
Tarnish reflects surface discoloration of metals from saliva or food interactions.

Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials

Includes compressive stress, shear stress, and the concept of reversible vs. irreversible deformation.
Hardness assesses material's resistance to indentation, while ductility and malleability evaluate deformation under tension and compression.
Fracture mechanics involve tensile, compressive, and shear strengths, critical for material selection based on performance under various stresses.

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Description

Explore the foundations of dental materials in this first lesson, focusing on their background and historical significance. Gain insights into the chemical and physical properties, classifications, and applications in dental practice, dating back to ancient times.