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Questions and Answers
What is the state of having a disease or illness?
What is the state of having a disease or illness?
Morbidity
What does mortality mean?
What does mortality mean?
Death
Which organ system should dental professionals pay attention to in older patients?
Which organ system should dental professionals pay attention to in older patients?
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Cardiovascular system (correct)
- Musculoskeletal system
What is the leading cause of death in older patients 65 years and older?
What is the leading cause of death in older patients 65 years and older?
What does CHP stand for?
What does CHP stand for?
What information should be collected from a patient before initiating treatment?
What information should be collected from a patient before initiating treatment?
Define Hematuria.
Define Hematuria.
What is myocardial infarction?
What is myocardial infarction?
What medication is an antibiotic for infection?
What medication is an antibiotic for infection?
What medication is used for organ rejection?
What medication is used for organ rejection?
What does ASA II stand for?
What does ASA II stand for?
What is the role of Team 1 during an emergency in a dental office?
What is the role of Team 1 during an emergency in a dental office?
Where is the first aid kit stored in a typical dental office?
Where is the first aid kit stored in a typical dental office?
What is the color of the oxygen/nitrous tank?
What is the color of the oxygen/nitrous tank?
What is the acronym KISS used for?
What is the acronym KISS used for?
What injection site is used for intramuscular injections?
What injection site is used for intramuscular injections?
What medication is used to treat anaphylactic shock?
What medication is used to treat anaphylactic shock?
What medication is used to dilate blood vessels and expand the lungs?
What medication is used to dilate blood vessels and expand the lungs?
What drug is often used during an emergency?
What drug is often used during an emergency?
What is the name of the equipment that helps maintain the airway open to provide oxygen?
What is the name of the equipment that helps maintain the airway open to provide oxygen?
What is the name of an antidotal drug used for opioid overdoses?
What is the name of an antidotal drug used for opioid overdoses?
What is the name of an antidotal drug used for benzodiazepine overdoses?
What is the name of an antidotal drug used for benzodiazepine overdoses?
What is the name of the medication commonly known as Valium?
What is the name of the medication commonly known as Valium?
What are the uses of Diazepam?
What are the uses of Diazepam?
What type of law deals with contractual agreements between a dentist and patient?
What type of law deals with contractual agreements between a dentist and patient?
What type of law deals with fraud, misuse of narcotics?
What type of law deals with fraud, misuse of narcotics?
What type of law deals with breaching a duty to the disadvantage of another?
What type of law deals with breaching a duty to the disadvantage of another?
What type of law deals with failure to act reasonably?
What type of law deals with failure to act reasonably?
The Good Samaritan law protects individuals who provide aid in emergencies, even if they are not medical professionals.
The Good Samaritan law protects individuals who provide aid in emergencies, even if they are not medical professionals.
What is the recommended position for a patient who is unconscious?
What is the recommended position for a patient who is unconscious?
What are some factors that can cause psychogenic syncope?
What are some factors that can cause psychogenic syncope?
When is the CAB (Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation) activated?
When is the CAB (Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation) activated?
How long does recovery typically last after syncope?
How long does recovery typically last after syncope?
What triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during presyncope?
What triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during presyncope?
What are the characteristic signs of Addison's disease?
What are the characteristic signs of Addison's disease?
Where are adrenal glands located?
Where are adrenal glands located?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
What are the common signs of adrenal insufficiency?
What are the common signs of adrenal insufficiency?
What are the recommended steps for managing a conscious patient with adrenal insufficiency?
What are the recommended steps for managing a conscious patient with adrenal insufficiency?
What is the definition of pallor?
What is the definition of pallor?
Tonic-clonic movements can occur during vasodepressor syncope.
Tonic-clonic movements can occur during vasodepressor syncope.
What is the medical condition associated with low levels of oxygen in the body?
What is the medical condition associated with low levels of oxygen in the body?
What is the medical term for shortness of breath?
What is the medical term for shortness of breath?
What is the absence of respiratory movement?
What is the absence of respiratory movement?
What instrument is used to remove foreign objects from the airway?
What instrument is used to remove foreign objects from the airway?
How do you manage a patient who is hyperventilating?
How do you manage a patient who is hyperventilating?
What is the primary issue affected by asthma?
What is the primary issue affected by asthma?
What age group is primarily affected by intrinsic asthma?
What age group is primarily affected by intrinsic asthma?
What is considered the most severe form of asthma?
What is considered the most severe form of asthma?
What are the primary goals of a physician when dealing with a patient experiencing an asthma attack?
What are the primary goals of a physician when dealing with a patient experiencing an asthma attack?
What are some common signs of an asthma attack?
What are some common signs of an asthma attack?
What is bronchospasm?
What is bronchospasm?
What is hypercarbia?
What is hypercarbia?
What are some common signs and symptoms of hypercarbia?
What are some common signs and symptoms of hypercarbia?
What are some common symptoms of severe hypercarbia?
What are some common symptoms of severe hypercarbia?
What percentage of Americans are estimated to have heart failure?
What percentage of Americans are estimated to have heart failure?
What are the main symptoms of left ventricular failure?
What are the main symptoms of left ventricular failure?
What is the primary cause of right ventricular failure?
What is the primary cause of right ventricular failure?
What is the ASA classification for a normal healthy patient?
What is the ASA classification for a normal healthy patient?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who can walk one flight of stairs or two city blocks without discomfort but must stop due to distress?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who can walk one flight of stairs or two city blocks without discomfort but must stop due to distress?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who can climb one flight of stairs or walk two city blocks but must stop and rest before completing the task?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who can climb one flight of stairs or walk two city blocks but must stop and rest before completing the task?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who cannot negotiate a flight of stairs or walk two city blocks due to shortness of breath or fatigue?
What is the ASA classification for a patient who cannot negotiate a flight of stairs or walk two city blocks due to shortness of breath or fatigue?
What is acute pulmonary edema?
What is acute pulmonary edema?
What are some common causes of acute pulmonary edema?
What are some common causes of acute pulmonary edema?
What is the feeling of chest pain associated with hyperventilation?
What is the feeling of chest pain associated with hyperventilation?
What is respiratory distress?
What is respiratory distress?
What is the visual appearance of cyanosis?
What is the visual appearance of cyanosis?
What is altered consciousness?
What is altered consciousness?
What are some potential causes of altered consciousness?
What are some potential causes of altered consciousness?
What are the primary characteristics of delirium?
What are the primary characteristics of delirium?
How do you manage altered unconsciousness?
How do you manage altered unconsciousness?
Which body system is affected in diabetes mellitus?
Which body system is affected in diabetes mellitus?
What is the purpose of a PPD TB test?
What is the purpose of a PPD TB test?
What is hyperglycemia?
What is hyperglycemia?
What are the treatment considerations for a patient with ASA Class 2?
What are the treatment considerations for a patient with ASA Class 2?
What is hypothyroidism?
What is hypothyroidism?
What is a TIA?
What is a TIA?
What is an embolic stroke?
What is an embolic stroke?
What are the most dangerous types of seizures?
What are the most dangerous types of seizures?
What is the prodromal phase of a seizure?
What is the prodromal phase of a seizure?
What are the typical responses of dental staff to prodromal changes before seizures?
What are the typical responses of dental staff to prodromal changes before seizures?
Who often notice prodromal changes before seizures?
Who often notice prodromal changes before seizures?
What are the recommendations if a patient is experiencing prodromal changes before seizures?
What are the recommendations if a patient is experiencing prodromal changes before seizures?
How long do auras typically last before a seizure?
How long do auras typically last before a seizure?
What medication is used to manage seizures?
What medication is used to manage seizures?
What is the maximum dosage of lidocaine for overdose?
What is the maximum dosage of lidocaine for overdose?
What is the leading cause of fatal anaphylaxis?
What is the leading cause of fatal anaphylaxis?
What are the leading causes of death related to allergies?
What are the leading causes of death related to allergies?
What medication is used to counteract allergic reactions to anesthetics?
What medication is used to counteract allergic reactions to anesthetics?
Flashcards
Morbidity
Morbidity
The state of having a disease or illness.
Mortality
Mortality
Death.
Risk factor (older patients)
Risk factor (older patients)
Cardiovascular/heart issues, periodontal disease.
Leading cause of death (older patients)
Leading cause of death (older patients)
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HematuirÃa
HematuirÃa
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Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction
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Metronidazole
Metronidazole
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Cyclosporine
Cyclosporine
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ASA 1
ASA 1
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ASA 2
ASA 2
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ASA 3
ASA 3
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ASA 4
ASA 4
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Basic Life Support (flow)
Basic Life Support (flow)
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Magill Tube
Magill Tube
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Antidotal drug examples
Antidotal drug examples
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Diazepam (Valium)
Diazepam (Valium)
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Syncope
Syncope
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Psychogenic syncope
Psychogenic syncope
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Non-psychogenic syncope
Non-psychogenic syncope
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Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac Arrest
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Addison's Disease
Addison's Disease
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Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
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Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal Insufficiency
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Pallor
Pallor
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Hypotension
Hypotension
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Asthma
Asthma
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Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm
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Hypercarbia
Hypercarbia
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Study Notes
Chapter 1
- Morbidity is the state of having a disease.
- Mortality is death.
- Risk factors for older patients include cardiovascular and periodontal disease, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death in those over 65.
- To rule out a condition, understanding the patient's medical history and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score is crucial.
- Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
- Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced.
- Metronidazole is an antibiotic.
- Cyclosporine is used for organ rejection.
- ASA scores are used to classify patient risk: ASA I (healthy), ASA II (mild to moderate, needing recheck before appointment), ASA III (severe), and ASA IV (not suitable for treatment).
- Basic Life Support (BLS) protocol in a dental office involves a team approach:
- Team 1 stays with the patient and performs BLS.
- Team 2 brings the Automated External Defibrillator (AED) and ensures it's ready.
- Team 3 acts as a circulating nurse, documenting medications and administering them as needed (often a dentist).
- The sterilization area is where first aid kits are stored.
Chapter 2
- Oxygen/nitrous tank is green.
- KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid) is a guiding principle.
- Intramuscular injections are given into the vastus lateralis muscle.
- For anaphylaxis shock, epinephrine is used.
- Vasodilator and lung expansion drugs include albuterol.
- Magill tube maintains airway for oxygen delivery.
- Opioid/Narcan and benzodiazepine antagonist are examples of antidotal drugs.
- Diazepam (Valium) is used to treat anxiety and seizures.
- Contract, criminal, and tort laws pertain to the duties of dentists.
- Good Samaritan Law applies to healthcare professionals helping others.
Chapter 3
- Factors for psychogenic syncope include stress, anxiety, and seeing blood. Non-psychogenic syncope can be caused by heat, position or exhaustion.
- Cardiac arrest is diagnosed when CAB activation is needed.
- Post-syncope recovery is typically rapid and lasts up to 24 hours.
- Presyncope is a precursor to syncope which may be triggered by pain or emotional distress.
- Understanding Addison Disease (Adrenal insufficiency) is important. Addison's disease is a potentially dangerous condition characterized by weakness, extreme fatigue and confusion, often seen in females between 30-35 years of age. It results from reduced adrenal cortex function, located in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and their function is crucial in regulating stress response, immune system, blood pressure and other vital functions.
- Signs of adrenal insufficiency include hypotension (low blood pressure), altered mental status (confusion, difficulty concentrating), anorexia (decreased appetite), vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, and recurrent abdominal pain (reoccuring stomach pain).
- Knowledge about how to manage patients with adrenal insufficiency is essential for dental practitioners.
Chapter 4
- Unconscious patients should be positioned, ensuring their airway is clear.
- Basic Life Support (BLS) steps should be performed.
- Evaluate the patient's medical history.
- Pallor is the loss of skin pigmentation, often accompanied by a clammy feeling, may be related to a syncope episode. Vasodepressor syncope involves movements during the episode.
- Hypoxia (low O2 levels) can lead to dyspnea (shortness of breath).
- Apnea is the absence of respiratory movement.
- Proper instruments (e.g., Magill Intubation forceps) to clear airways are essential.
Chapter 5
-
Managing a hyperventilating patient involves prioritizing communication and reassurance.
-
Asthma primarily affects airway obstruction.
-
Intrinsic asthma is common among older adults. Extrinsic is common among younger adults.
-
A goal in treating asthma is to improve breathing and assess severity.
-
Signs of asthma include wheezing, difficulty speaking, rapid heart rate, persistent coughing, and chest pain.
-
Bronchospasm is the narrowing and tightening of the airways.
-
Symptoms of hypercarbia may include headache, flushed skin, shortness of breath, nausea, and irritability. Poor air exchange. High quantity of carbon dioxide in the blood are also common symptoms.
Chapter 6
- Severe symptoms include confusion, depression, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and seizures.
- Heart failure can be broadly classified into left-sided and right-sided failure, with each causing different symptoms. Low oxygen levels, weakness and fatigue are among some of the symptoms of heart failure
- ASA classifications (I to IV) for heart failure assess a patient's functional capacity.
- Acute pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulating in the lungs' air sacs (alveoli).
- Chest pain may occur in patients with hyperventilation, often felt as a feeling of weight, pressure, shooting, or stabbing sensation.
- Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, indicating inadequate oxygenation.
- Altered consciousness, such as delirium (confusion, disorientation, and impaired memory) can result from various factors, such as drug overdose, hyper/hypothyroidism, among others.
Chapter 7
- Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) present different kinds of issues. Hyperglycemia is the increased demand for insulin, occurring over 48 hours. Hypoglycemia is the decrease in the body's need for insulin.
- Hemoglobin A1c levels are used to manage diabetes. Ranges from excellent to fair based on the value.
- ASA classifications provide different levels of dental consideration for diabetics.
Chapter 8
- Hypothyroidism involves an insufficient supply of thyroid hormones.
- Hyperthyroidism involves excessive thyroid hormone production.
- Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), commonly known as mini-strokes, can be a precursor to more serious and lasting damage.
- A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as a stroke, is the third leading cause of death and a leading cause of adult disability.
- An embolic stroke causes transient interference with blood flow.
- Different types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal), the most dangerous kind. Symptoms before the seizure (prodromal phase) may be subtle, or might last up to several minutes, or hours. Seizure symptoms include changes in emotional reactivity that may be noticed by friends and family but not clinical staff. These individuals who have a seizure may need to pre-emptively sit for treatment, and need warning signals to avoid injury. Preparation for a seizure is important for treatment. An aura is a pre-seizure signal. Patients may also have the same aura for each seizure. These can last for seconds at a time.
Chapter 9
- Prevention of overdoses using lidocaine in specific doses is important.
- Allergies to particular allergens are a concern, causing potentially fatal issues like anaphylaxis.
- Allergens such as penicillin, peanuts and latex are common.
- Misdiagnosis of allergies needs to be avoided, and proper procedures for administration of treatment is crucial. This could include using diphenhydramine if there is sensitivity to anesthetics.
Chapter 10
- Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
- Stable angina is caused by physical activity or stress, while variant angina is caused by spasm in the coronary arteries.
- Medications such as metoprolol, carvedilol, and amlodipine are used to treat angina and related conditions such as hypertension.
- Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is the lack of blood flow to the heart muscle, with specific locations often affected.
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Description
Explore key concepts in dental health, including morbidity, mortality, and risk factors associated with older patients. This chapter covers important medical history aspects, as well as protocols like Basic Life Support in a dental setting.
