Dental Caries Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes Hepatitis D?

  • It can be treated effectively with antiviral medications.
  • It requires co-infection with Hepatitis A for transmission.
  • It has a higher likelihood of causing chronic disease compared to Hepatitis A. (correct)
  • It is an independent virus that can be transmitted parenterally.
  • What is the main method for diagnosing Hepatitis E?

  • Liver biopsy
  • PCR test or detection of IgM antibodies (correct)
  • Ultrasound imaging of the liver
  • PCR test followed by a liver function test
  • Which of the following treatments is explicitly mentioned for Hepatitis C?

  • Interferon-only therapy
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin
  • Hepatitis A vaccine
  • Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir (correct)
  • The primary method of transmission for the mumps virus is through which route?

    <p>Saliva and droplets entering the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incubation period for mumps is typically?

    <p>14-25 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Hepatitis A vaccine is correct?

    <p>It is protective against Hepatitis E.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary step needed before filling a cavity?

    <p>All of the cavity must be removed before filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are commonly associated with gingivitis?

    <p>Streptococci, Actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of untreated gingivitis?

    <p>It progresses to periodontitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of teenagers and adults are affected by periodontal disease?

    <p>Over 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe form of periodontal disease called?

    <p>Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fluoride use limited in dental treatments?

    <p>Concerns about fluoride toxicity exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major cause of tooth loss among adults?

    <p>Periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dental material is primarily used for filling cavities?

    <p>Amalgam or composite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of mycotoxins responsible for ergot poisoning?

    <p>Claviceps purpurea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a virus?

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of aflatoxin poisoning?

    <p>Liver cirrhosis and liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most at risk for developing oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with convulsive ergotism in animals?

    <p>Hyper-excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is likely to be found on peanuts and can cause significant health issues?

    <p>Aflatoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of poisoning is characterized by hallucinations and restricted blood flow?

    <p>Ergot poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key method of transmission for thrush in individuals?

    <p>Fomites and imbalance of oral normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for rotavirus?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment method for rotavirus infection?

    <p>Fluid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is not recommended for food safety prevention?

    <p>Reuse utensils without washing after contact with raw meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if there is high fever or blood in the stools during food poisoning?

    <p>Avoid using bismuth subsalicylate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the treatment of food poisoning related to infections?

    <p>Antibiotics may be prescribed with supportive care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the vaccine Rotateq play in relation to rotavirus?

    <p>It prevents rotavirus infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory methods are commonly used to diagnose food poisoning?

    <p>PCR tests and stool cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant outcome of severe rotavirus infection in infants?

    <p>Watery diarrhea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is effective for thrush?

    <p>Oral fluconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Giardiasis?

    <p>Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with severe amoebic dysentery?

    <p>Stomach pain and bloody stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for preventing Giardia contamination in water supplies?

    <p>Filtering out the cysts from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of giardiasis?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for causing toxic effects due to aflatoxin poisoning?

    <p>Aspergillus flavus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transmission route is primarily associated with amoebic dysentery?

    <p>Fecal-oral transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with cryptosporidiosis typically exhibit which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Severe watery diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dental Caries

    • Untreated lesions can progress to pulp involvement, possibly causing an abscess.
    • Tartar buildup can be observed at the base of teeth, alongside visible staining on crowns.
    • Cavities require filling, typically with amalgam or composite materials.
    • Prevention strategies include fluoride use to enhance tooth resistance, limiting dietary sucrose intake, and applying fissure sealants.

    Periodontal Disease

    • Affects over 80% of teenagers and adults, leading to significant tooth loss.
    • Key symptoms involve gum inflammation and erosion of periodontal ligaments and supporting bone.
    • Caused by various bacteria, including Streptococci and Porphyromonas.
    • Gingivitis is the mildest form, progressing to periodontitis if untreated.
    • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth) represents the most severe stage.

    Rotavirus

    • Significant contributor to infant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.
    • Accounts for one-third of childhood deaths in certain regions, primarily spread through the fecal-oral route.
    • Main symptoms include watery diarrhea and vomiting within 48 hours.
    • Treatment focuses on fluid replacement; prevention includes sanitary practices and vaccination with Rotateq.

    Food Poisoning

    • Diagnosis involves laboratory tests like PCR, stool culturing, and microscopic examination.
    • For intoxications, treatment may not be necessary except for symptom relief and fluid replacement.
    • Bismuth subsalicylate may alleviate diarrhea but should not be used if fever or blood in stools is present.
    • Prevention tactics encompass cooking food thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination, and practicing good hygiene.

    Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

    • Caused by various Shigella species, known for high infection rates and transmission through parenteral routes.
    • Diagnosed via PCR testing; treatment includes peginterferon, ribavirin, and newer protease inhibitors.
    • No vaccine available; condition is extremely infectious.

    Hepatitis D and E

    • Hepatitis D: Requires co-infection with Hepatitis B, leading to severe liver damage and higher mortality rates; diagnosed through IgM testing with no specific treatment available.
    • Hepatitis E: Acquired via ingestion, presenting symptoms like those of Hepatitis A, with increased risk for pregnant women.

    Mumps

    • Caused by the mumps virus, transmitted through saliva and respiratory droplets.
    • Initial replication occurs in the upper respiratory tract, followed by spread to the salivary glands.
    • Symptoms include parotitis, headaches, malaise, and potential complications such as sterility and encephalitis.
    • Prevented through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.

    Ergot and Aflatoxin Poisoning

    • Ergot Poisoning: Resulting from mycotoxins from Claviceps purpurea, affects grains, causing blood flow restriction and hallucinations.
    • Aflatoxin Poisoning: Linked to Aspergillus flavus, primarily found in peanuts, can lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer.

    Thrush (Oropharyngeal Candidiasis)

    • Yeast infection caused by Candida albicans, affecting primarily newborns, children, and immunocompromised individuals.
    • Symptoms include white patches, inflammation, and itching in the mouth.
    • Diagnosis involves swabbing infected tissues; treated with oral antifungal agents like fluconazole.

    Protozoan GI Diseases: Giardiasis

    • Caused by Giardia lamblia, transmitted through contaminated water and food.
    • Symptoms manifest as bowel inflammation, frothy diarrhea, and potential vitamin deficiencies.
    • Diagnosis relies on stool appearance; treatment includes metronidazole and maintaining safe drinking water.

    Amoebic Dysentery

    • Triggered by Entamoeba histolytica, transmitted through fecal-oral routes via contaminated food or water.
    • Symptoms range from mild abdominal pain to severe bloody stools and fever.
    • Diagnosis includes stool samples; metronidazole is used for treatment, emphasizing the importance of water sanitation.

    Cryptosporidiosis

    • Characterized by severe watery diarrhea, caused by Cryptosporidium parvum.
    • Management focuses on hydration and preventing outbreaks through sanitary practices.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to dental caries, including the formation of lesions, the impact of tartar, and identification of decay through X-rays. Understand the importance of early detection and treatment to prevent abscess formation.

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