Dental Caries Overview

Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes Hepatitis D?

It can be treated effectively with antiviral medications.

It requires co-infection with Hepatitis A for transmission.

It has a higher likelihood of causing chronic disease compared to Hepatitis A. (correct)

It is an independent virus that can be transmitted parenterally.

What is the main method for diagnosing Hepatitis E?

Liver biopsy

PCR test or detection of IgM antibodies (correct)

Ultrasound imaging of the liver

PCR test followed by a liver function test

Which of the following treatments is explicitly mentioned for Hepatitis C?

Interferon-only therapy

Intravenous immunoglobulin

Hepatitis A vaccine

Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir (correct)

The primary method of transmission for the mumps virus is through which route?

Saliva and droplets entering the oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

The incubation period for mumps is typically?

14-25 days Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Hepatitis A vaccine is correct?

It is protective against Hepatitis E. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary step needed before filling a cavity?

All of the cavity must be removed before filling Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are commonly associated with gingivitis?

Streptococci, Actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of untreated gingivitis?

It progresses to periodontitis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of teenagers and adults are affected by periodontal disease?

Over 80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe form of periodontal disease called?

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Signup and view all the answers

Why is fluoride use limited in dental treatments?

Concerns about fluoride toxicity exist Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cause of tooth loss among adults?

Periodontal disease Signup and view all the answers

What type of dental material is primarily used for filling cavities?

Amalgam or composite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of mycotoxins responsible for ergot poisoning?

Claviceps purpurea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a virus?

Cholera Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of aflatoxin poisoning?

Liver cirrhosis and liver cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most at risk for developing oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)?

Immunocompromised individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with convulsive ergotism in animals?

Hyper-excitability Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is likely to be found on peanuts and can cause significant health issues?

Aflatoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of poisoning is characterized by hallucinations and restricted blood flow?

Ergot poisoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the key method of transmission for thrush in individuals?

Fomites and imbalance of oral normal flora Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for rotavirus?

Fecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for rotavirus infection?

Fluid replacement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is not recommended for food safety prevention?

Reuse utensils without washing after contact with raw meat Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended course of action if there is high fever or blood in the stools during food poisoning?

Avoid using bismuth subsalicylate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the treatment of food poisoning related to infections?

Antibiotics may be prescribed with supportive care. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vaccine Rotateq play in relation to rotavirus?

It prevents rotavirus infection. Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory methods are commonly used to diagnose food poisoning?

PCR tests and stool cultures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant outcome of severe rotavirus infection in infants?

Watery diarrhea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is effective for thrush?

Oral fluconazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Giardiasis?

Giardia lamblia Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with severe amoebic dysentery?

Stomach pain and bloody stools Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for preventing Giardia contamination in water supplies?

Filtering out the cysts from water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a sign or symptom of giardiasis?

Confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for causing toxic effects due to aflatoxin poisoning?

Aspergillus flavus Signup and view all the answers

What transmission route is primarily associated with amoebic dysentery?

Fecal-oral transmission Signup and view all the answers

Patients with cryptosporidiosis typically exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Severe watery diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dental Caries

Untreated lesions can progress to pulp involvement, possibly causing an abscess.
Tartar buildup can be observed at the base of teeth, alongside visible staining on crowns.
Cavities require filling, typically with amalgam or composite materials.
Prevention strategies include fluoride use to enhance tooth resistance, limiting dietary sucrose intake, and applying fissure sealants.

Periodontal Disease

Affects over 80% of teenagers and adults, leading to significant tooth loss.
Key symptoms involve gum inflammation and erosion of periodontal ligaments and supporting bone.
Caused by various bacteria, including Streptococci and Porphyromonas.
Gingivitis is the mildest form, progressing to periodontitis if untreated.
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth) represents the most severe stage.

Rotavirus

Significant contributor to infant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries.
Accounts for one-third of childhood deaths in certain regions, primarily spread through the fecal-oral route.
Main symptoms include watery diarrhea and vomiting within 48 hours.
Treatment focuses on fluid replacement; prevention includes sanitary practices and vaccination with Rotateq.

Food Poisoning

Diagnosis involves laboratory tests like PCR, stool culturing, and microscopic examination.
For intoxications, treatment may not be necessary except for symptom relief and fluid replacement.
Bismuth subsalicylate may alleviate diarrhea but should not be used if fever or blood in stools is present.
Prevention tactics encompass cooking food thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination, and practicing good hygiene.

Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)

Caused by various Shigella species, known for high infection rates and transmission through parenteral routes.
Diagnosed via PCR testing; treatment includes peginterferon, ribavirin, and newer protease inhibitors.
No vaccine available; condition is extremely infectious.

Hepatitis D and E

Hepatitis D: Requires co-infection with Hepatitis B, leading to severe liver damage and higher mortality rates; diagnosed through IgM testing with no specific treatment available.
Hepatitis E: Acquired via ingestion, presenting symptoms like those of Hepatitis A, with increased risk for pregnant women.

Mumps

Caused by the mumps virus, transmitted through saliva and respiratory droplets.
Initial replication occurs in the upper respiratory tract, followed by spread to the salivary glands.
Symptoms include parotitis, headaches, malaise, and potential complications such as sterility and encephalitis.
Prevented through vaccination with the MMR vaccine.

Ergot and Aflatoxin Poisoning

Ergot Poisoning: Resulting from mycotoxins from Claviceps purpurea, affects grains, causing blood flow restriction and hallucinations.
Aflatoxin Poisoning: Linked to Aspergillus flavus, primarily found in peanuts, can lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer.

Thrush (Oropharyngeal Candidiasis)

Yeast infection caused by Candida albicans, affecting primarily newborns, children, and immunocompromised individuals.
Symptoms include white patches, inflammation, and itching in the mouth.
Diagnosis involves swabbing infected tissues; treated with oral antifungal agents like fluconazole.

Protozoan GI Diseases: Giardiasis

Caused by Giardia lamblia, transmitted through contaminated water and food.
Symptoms manifest as bowel inflammation, frothy diarrhea, and potential vitamin deficiencies.
Diagnosis relies on stool appearance; treatment includes metronidazole and maintaining safe drinking water.

Amoebic Dysentery

Triggered by Entamoeba histolytica, transmitted through fecal-oral routes via contaminated food or water.
Symptoms range from mild abdominal pain to severe bloody stools and fever.
Diagnosis includes stool samples; metronidazole is used for treatment, emphasizing the importance of water sanitation.

Cryptosporidiosis

Characterized by severe watery diarrhea, caused by Cryptosporidium parvum.
Management focuses on hydration and preventing outbreaks through sanitary practices.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to dental caries, including the formation of lesions, the impact of tartar, and identification of decay through X-rays. Understand the importance of early detection and treatment to prevent abscess formation.