30 Questions
Which era left many Chinese resentful of 'foreign devils'?
Imperialistic control during the 19th century
Who led the Revolution of 1911 in China?
Sun Yat-sen
What was a major theme dominating the revolutionary era in China?
Nationalism
Who founded the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in China?
Chiang Kai-shek
What was a major challenge of the 20th century in China as mentioned in the text?
Reestablishing economic and social fabric after imperialistic control
Which major event occurred in China in 1949 as mentioned in the text?
A major revolution
What did traditional Chinese assumptions about foreigners include?
Viewing foreigners as inferior in ethics and quality of life.
How did the imperialist powers challenge China's traditional assumptions in the 19th century?
By exploiting China's weakness and undermining its traditional beliefs.
Which new influence emerged in the 20th century that emphasized 'right thinking' and moralism in China?
Maoism
What was a key feature of Deng Xiaoping Theory introduced in the late 20th century?
Authoritarian political control and economic privatization.
How has China's political culture been shaped over time?
By geographical features and historical eras like dynastic rule, imperialism, and communist rule.
In what way did Maoism contradict the hierarchical nature of the old regime?
By emphasizing egalitarianism.
Who was the most prominent leader of the conservative faction in China before his retirement in 2003?
Li Peng
Which faction in China supported major capitalist infusion into the economy and an open door trade policy?
Reformers/open door
Who was the former governor of the central bank and the Premier of the PRC until 2003, associated with the Reformers faction?
Zhu Rongji
What was the main concern of the conservative faction in China regarding the power of the party and central government?
Democratic reform
Which leader of the conservative faction left a leadership gap in 2003 upon his retirement?
Li Peng
What major international trade organization did the reformers in China push for membership into, according to the text?
World Trade Organization
What type of government structure does the People's Republic of China have?
Unitary system
What is the main reason the branches of the Chinese government are not independent?
Control by the party
Which organization in China theoretically serves as the people's legislature?
People's National Congress
Who chooses the president and vice president of China according to the text?
National People's Congress
What is a key feature of government positions in China based on the information provided?
Held by party members
What term is used to describe the hierarchical levels of people's congresses in China?
Pyramidal structure
What type of entities largely operate as capitalist enterprises in China?
Rural industries
Which sector in the Chinese economy has experienced the most significant growth since the 1980s?
Rural factories and businesses
What has happened to price controls in China since the 1980s?
They have been eliminated
What role have township and village enterprises (TVEs) played in slowing peasant migration to cities in China?
Slowed migration
Which entities are responsible for making their own decisions in the Chinese economy?
Collective enterprises
What is the main characteristic of private industry regulation in China?
Heavy government regulation
Study Notes
Traditional Chinese Worldview
- China has historically viewed itself as superior to other civilizations, with a strong sense of cultural and moral superiority.
- This worldview has often led to an assumption that other countries have little to offer China.
Communist Ideologies
- Maoism emphasized the importance of "right thinking" and moralism, while also promoting egalitarianism.
- Deng Xiaoping Theory, introduced in the late 20th century, balanced authoritarian political control with economic privatization.
Political Culture
- China's political culture is shaped by its geographical features and historical eras, including dynastic rule, imperialist control, and communist rule.
- The country's stability has been disrupted by foreign influence and revolutionary upheavals.
Imperialist Influence
- During the 19th century, China was weakened and divided into "spheres of influence" by imperialist nations such as England, Germany, France, and Japan.
- This era of foreign control sparked resentment and rebellion among the Chinese.
Revolutionary Era
- The 1911 Revolution, led by Sun Yat-sen, successfully re-established China as an independent country.
- The Communist Party, founded by Mao Zedong, emerged as a major force in Chinese politics.
- Three key themes dominated this era: nationalism, establishing a new political community, and socioeconomic development.
Factions within the Communist Party
- Three main factions exist within the Communist Party:
- Conservatives, who worry about erosion of party power and are suspicious of democratic reforms.
- Reformers/Open Door, who push for economic growth and development through capitalist infusion.
- No dominant leader has emerged since Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji retired in 2003.
Government Structure
- The government of the People's Republic of China has three branches, but they are not independent and are controlled by the Communist Party.
- The People's National Congress, provincial, city, and local congresses make up the legislative branch, but are subject to party authority.
Economic Development
- The economic reforms of the 1980s lifted price controls, allowing private businesses to grow and become more profitable than state-owned enterprises.
- The growth of rural factories and businesses has become the backbone of economic strength in the countryside.
Test your knowledge on Deng Xiaoping's leadership in China during the 1980s, including factional strife within the leadership and the Tiananmen Square incident. Learn about the different factions and their concerns regarding economic reform and government power.
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