Demography and Population Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does McKeown argue was a significant factor in reducing death rates from infectious diseases?

Improved nutrition was a significant factor, accounting for up to half the reduction in death rates.

Why does McKeown's argument about improved nutrition face criticism regarding gender disparities?

It does not explain why females, who receive less food, live longer than males.

What were some key medical advancements that contributed to reducing death rates after the 1950s?

Key advancements included antibiotics, mass immunization, and improved maternity services.

According to Harper, what lifestyle change has significantly reduced death rates?

<p>The greatest fall in death rates is attributed to a reduction in the number of people smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modern epidemic has emerged as a concern in the 21st century, replacing smoking?

<p>Obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did central and local governments contribute to public health improvements in the 20th century?

<p>Governments enforced laws leading to better housing, purer drinking water, and improved sewage systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one notable effect of the Clean Air Acts in the UK?

<p>The Clean Air Acts reduced air pollution, significantly decreasing smog-related deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal changes played a role in the decline of death rates during the 20th century?

<p>Improved nutrition, housing, and environmental conditions were among the social changes that reduced death rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a natural increase in population?

<p>A natural increase occurs when the number of births is higher than the number of deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the fertility rate changed from 1900 to 2012 in the UK?

<p>In 1900, the fertility rate was 115 live births per 1000 women aged 15-44, compared to only 4 per 1000 in 2012.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total fertility rate and how did it change from 1964 to 2014?

<p>The total fertility rate is the average number of children women will have during their fertile years, declining from 2.95 in 1964 to 1.89 in 2014.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor contributes to larger family sizes in ethnic minority families?

<p>Younger parental age and higher fertility rates contribute to larger family sizes in ethnic minority families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have women's changing roles influenced birth rates in the UK?

<p>Increasing educational achievement and career opportunities have led women to prioritize careers over family, influencing declining birth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gillespie (2003), what are the two motivational factors for voluntary childlessness?

<p>The two factors are the 'pull' of being child-free for personal freedom and better relationships, and the 'push' from conflicts with careers or leisure interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Harper (2012), what is the main reason for the long-term decline in birth and fertility rates?

<p>Harper argues that the education of women is the most important reason for the decline in birth and fertility rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed in the age of mothers giving birth from 1970 to the present?

<p>The average age for a mother’s first birth has increased from 27 years old in 1970 to 30.9 years old now.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do liberal feminists view the decline in the birth rate?

<p>Liberal feminists support the decline in the birth rate as it allows women more freedom to pursue careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role has the availability of contraception played in influencing birth rates?

<p>The availability of contraception allows women to control how many children they have and when they have them, contributing to the decline in birth rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Wilkinson (1994) use to describe the shift in female expectations since the 1960s?

<p>Wilkinson refers to this shift as a 'genderquake' in attitudes towards motherhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the demographic of mothers changed concerning age, particularly among younger and older mothers?

<p>There has been a significant decline in the number of women aged 24 or under having children, while older mothers aged 40 or over have increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend in the UK death rate from 1900 to 2012?

<p>The UK death rate decreased from 19 in 1900 to 8.9 in 2012.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the majority of the decline in the death rate from 1850 to 1970 according to Tranter (1996)?

<p>The decline was primarily due to a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases replaced infectious diseases as the main cause of death by the 1950s?

<p>By the 1950s, 'diseases of affluence' like heart disease became the main causes of death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism that the New Right has regarding the declining birth rate?

<p>The New Right criticizes the declining birth rate for negatively impacting society and contributing to the demise of the traditional nuclear family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the decline in dangerous manual jobs such as mining?

<p>Increasing health and safety regulations and smaller family sizes contribute to the decline in dangerous manual jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has life expectancy in the UK changed from 1900 to 2013 for males?

<p>Males born in England in 1900 could expect to live until 50, while those born in 2013 can expect to live for 90.7 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prediction does Harper (2012) make about future life expectancy?

<p>Harper predicts that 'radical longevity' may become common, resulting in more individuals reaching age 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant reason for the lower average life expectancy in 1900?

<p>Many infants and children did not survive beyond their early years of life, impacting average life expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do socioeconomic factors influence life expectancy in the UK?

<p>Lower social classes tend to have lower life expectancies, with unskilled working-class men being nearly three times more likely to die before 65.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed concerning the ageing population in the UK?

<p>The proportion of elderly individuals in the population is rapidly increasing, with the average age rising significantly over the decades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic change occurred in the UK population regarding individuals aged 65 or over and those under 15?

<p>In 2014, the number of people aged 65 or over equalled the number of under-15s for the first time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal changes have affected women's life expectancy relative to men's in recent years?

<p>Changes in employment and lifestyle, including an increase in smoking among women, have narrowed the life expectancy gap between genders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does postmodern society impact the way individuals define their identities?

<p>In postmodern society, individuals define their identities through consumption, allowing them to choose lifestyles regardless of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inequality play in the opportunities available to the elderly in society?

<p>Inequality, such as class and gender, affects the elderly's access to resources like pensions and healthcare, impacting their ability to maintain a youthful identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of products do the elderly consume to create their identities?

<p>The elderly often consume 'body maintenance' and 'rejuvenation' products, including cosmetic surgery, gym memberships, and anti-ageing products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two reasons for emigration from the UK.

<p>Reasons for emigration from the UK include economic recession and political oppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the trend of immigration to the UK in the 1960s?

<p>In the 1960s, there was a trend of Caribbean immigrants coming to the UK to fulfill job roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the composition of the UK's population changed by 2011?

<p>By 2011, ethnic minority groups accounted for 14% of the UK's population, leading to a more ethnically diverse society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does positive net migration indicate about a country's population movement?

<p>Positive net migration indicates that more people are immigrating to a country than emigrating from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ageist stereotypes affect women's identities in later life?

<p>Ageist stereotypes, such as being labeled 'old hags,' can negatively impact women's self-perception and life choices in later life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has largely contributed to the creation of job vacancies in Western countries?

<p>Western women's entry into the labor force and their reduced willingness to perform domestic labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do migrant nannies exemplify the global transfer of women's emotional labor?

<p>They provide care and affection for their employer's children, often at the expense of their own children left behind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What argument might feminists make regarding the status of female migrants compared to Western women?

<p>Feminists argue that female migrants are often exploited and continue to fulfill traditional gender roles despite improvements for Western women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'hierarchical identities' as found among second-generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain?

<p>They prioritize their identities as Muslim first, then Bengali, and lastly British.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Eriksen, how has globalization affected migration patterns?

<p>Globalization has created diverse migration patterns characterized by back-and-forth movements rather than permanent settlements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does modern technology play in the lives of migrants, according to Eriksen?

<p>Modern technology enables migrants to maintain international connections and develop 'neither/nor' identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What identity challenges do migrants with hybrid identities face in their communities?

<p>They may encounter friction from others who challenge their identity claims, suggesting they do not fully 'fit in'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the language preferences of some Chinese migrants in Italy reflect their identity experiences?

<p>They may find their native language, Mandarin, more useful than Italian for everyday life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Demography and Population

  • Demography studies populations and their characteristics, including births, deaths, and migration.
  • Population size changes due to natural change (births exceeding deaths) or net migration (immigration exceeding emigration).
  • Fertility rate measures live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 per year.
  • Total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years.
  • Birth rate has generally decreased since 1900, from 28.7 per 1000 in 1900 to 12.2 per 1000 in 2014.
  • Factors affecting birth rate include proportion of women of childbearing age and number of children they have.
  • Changing female expectations, education, employment, and contraception have all impacted birth rates.
  • Older mothers (aged 40+) are having more children, while the average age of first birth is 30.9, compared to 27 in 1970.
  • Infant mortality rate (IMR), deaths before the first birthday, has declined significantly from 154 per 1000 in 1900 to 30 in 1950 and 4 in 2012.

Factors Influencing Birth and Death Rates

  • Housing and sanitation, preventative medicine (antibiotics, immunisations), and improved midwifery/obstetric care, all have contributed to lowering death rates.
  • Better nutrition has also helped reduce deaths from infectious diseases.
  • Lifestyle choices, such as smoking and obesity, are significant factors in contemporary death rates.
  • Educational achievement and employment opportunities influence birth rates as women prioritize careers over family.

Changing Family Structures

  • Cultural norms around family size change over time, with smaller families becoming more common.
  • Children are now often viewed as an economic liability, unlike the 19th century when they were economic assets.
  • Increasing child-centredness encourages a shift from large families to smaller families with greater parental attention.

Dependency Ratio

  • Dependency ratio relates the size of the productive workforce to the dependent population.
  • Children and older people are often considered dependent.
  • A declining birth rate and increasing life expectancy can lead to an increased dependency ratio.

Ageing Population

  • The proportion of the elderly population is increasing rapidly due to rising life expectancy and declining birth rates.
  • This creates a shift in the population pyramid, with different age groups becoming more or less equal in size.
  • Older individuals consume a larger portion of public services such as healthcare.
  • Governments face challenges in balancing the needs of growing older populations, including housing and health care costs.

Migration

  • Immigration and emigration influence population size.
  • Positive net migration means more people are entering than leaving a country, whereas negative net migration means more leave than enter.
  • Reasons for immigration and emigration include war, natural disasters, political oppression, better economic opportunities, better living standards.
  • Immigration has contributed to changing age structures in countries (lowering the average age).
  • Globalisation and interconnectedness have significantly increased international migration.
  • Different types of migrants include: citizens, denizens, and 'helots'.

Cultural and Social Impacts

  • Multiculturalism and the desire for separate cultural identities can impact community relations and assimilation policies.
  • Ageism, discrimination on account of age, is a social issue associated with an ageing population.
  • The perceived burden of older people on society can lead to discrimination and policies that aim to limit their dependence.

Hybrid Identities

  • Migrant identities are often hybrid, encompassing elements from various cultures, countries, and classes.
  • Individuals are increasingly able to hold multiple identities rather than one singular nationality.

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UK Population Demographics PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of demography and population dynamics, including birth rates, fertility rates, and migration trends. Understand how societal changes, such as women's education and employment, impact population characteristics over time. This quiz will help you grasp the significance of these factors in today's demographic landscape.

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