Demography and Population Overview

The UK's population size is influenced by natural change (births and deaths) and net migration (immigration and emigration).

When the number of births is higher than the number of deaths.

Number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44 over a year.

Average number of children women will have during their fertile years.

The birth rate has generally decreased since 1900, with fluctuations during baby booms.

The proportion of women at childbearing age and the number of children they have influence the birth rate. Changing expectations, education, employment opportunities, and contraception also make a difference.

Changing societal expectations, including women prioritizing careers over families, influence birth rates.

More women remaining childless, having children later, and controlling family size due to contraception and education.

A decrease in the number of babies being born.

Choosing not to have children.

Reasons why people choose not to have children, like freedom and career opportunities.

Diseases spread from person to person.

Illnesses associated with wealth, like heart disease.

The New Right believes the declining birth rate is bad for society and linked to female employment and contraception.

The UK death rate was 19 per 1,000 people in 1900.

Deaths from infectious diseases have decreased, likely due to social factors like improved nutrition, better sanitation, and medical advancements.

Better nutrition enhances resistance to infection, increasing survival chances of those infected; it was crucial in reducing TB deaths, but didn't explain why females lived longer than males.

Antibiotics, immunizations, blood transfusions, and improved maternity care, facilitated by the NHS, contributed to reduced death rates from infectious diseases after the 1950s.

Improvements in housing, water quality, and sewage disposal, alongside clean air legislation, boosted public health in the 20th century by reducing pollution and disease.

Obesity has become a major health issue in the 21st century, but deaths have remained low due to drug therapies, possibly leading to a 'lifestyle' health system dependent on medication.

Reduced smoking has had a significant effect on death rates, demonstrating lifestyle choices' impact on mortality.

McKeown (1972) suggested that improved nutrition significantly reduced death rates, especially from tuberculosis.

Social factors, such as better nutrition and public health improvements, played a greater role than medical advancements in reducing deaths from infectious diseases before the 1950s.

The average length of time a person in a given year can expect to live.

People are living longer on average, due to factors like better health and safety measures.

Factors like social class and income that affect life expectancy.

A population where the proportion of older people is rising.

Males expected to live to 50, females to 57 in England in 1900.

Males expected to live to 90.7, females to 94 in England in 2013.

High rates of infant deaths in the past contributed to lower average life expectancy.

Life expectancy varies based on social status (e.g., working class vs. professional) and gender (women generally live longer).

In postmodern society, traditional life stages are less rigid, allowing individuals to choose their lifestyle regardless of age.

In postmodern society, our consumption patterns shape our identities, allowing us to choose a lifestyle regardless of age.

The elderly population becomes a target market for products and services related to maintaining or enhancing their youthful appearance.

Social factors like class and gender influence how individuals age, with disparities in health, income, and aging experiences.

Immigration refers to people entering a country, while emigration refers to people leaving their country.

The difference between immigration and emigration, indicating whether more people are entering or leaving a country.

People leave their countries due to factors like war, natural disasters, political oppression, and economic hardship.

Immigration from various countries throughout history has made the UK a multi-ethnic society.

Western men are less likely to do housework, while Western women are more likely to work outside the home, leading to a gap in domestic labor that is often filled by women from poorer countries.

Migrant women, often nannies or caretakers, provide emotional care and affection to their employers' children, while sacrificing time with their own children back home.

Migrant women who enter Western countries through arranged marriages, often based on racial and gender stereotypes, may be viewed as servile or submissive.

Feminists argue that migrant women, particularly those in domestic and caregiving roles, are disproportionately exploited and often trapped in traditional gender roles.

Migrants and their children often develop identities combining elements from their country of origin and their adopted country, sometimes leading to a sense of belonging to both places.

Some second-generation migrants may create a hierarchy of identities, prioritizing one culture over another, such as valuing their religious identity above their nationality.

Individuals with hybrid identities may face skepticism or questioning from others who doubt their authenticity or belonging, as they may not fully conform to a single cultural group.

Due to global communication and increased mobility, some migrants develop a 'neither/nor' identity, not fully belonging to one country or another.