45 Questions
What is the average household size defined as?
The number of people residing in a single residence.
What is the impact of declining fertility rates on the labour force?
Gaps are created in the labour force as there are not enough people to fill the gaps left by those retiring.
What is the term for the number of children a woman would have in her lifetime based on current fertility rates?
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
What is the dependency ratio, and how is it affected by an aging population?
The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labour force and those typically in the labour force, and it becomes unbalanced due to fewer children being born.
What is the general fertility rate, and what does it measure?
General fertility rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15-49) in a population per year.
Why does immigration become more important with declining birth rates?
Immigration fills gaps in the labour market.
How has the birth rate changed between 1900 and 2012?
The birth rate decreased from 28 per 1,000 in 1900 to 12 per 1,000 in 2012.
What is the significance of the Beanpole family structure, according to Julia Brannon?
The Beanpole family structure is characterized by generations living longer but having fewer members in each generation.
What has been a major reason for the decline in family size?
The availability of safer, legal, and effective methods of contraception.
How has the role of children in the family changed over time?
Children have changed from being an economic asset to an economic burden.
What is the trend observed by the Family Policy Studies Centre in 2000 compared to 1980?
In 2000, 1 in 5 women aged 40 had chosen not to have children, compared to 1 in 10 in 1980.
What is the suggested link between the availability of contraception and fertility rates, according to Hakim?
There is a direct link between the availability of contraception and declining fertility rates.
What is the impact of geographic mobility on family size?
Geographic mobility is a factor that has contributed to the decline in family size.
How has the importance of education impacted family size?
Compulsory education has led to children requiring longer periods of financial support, leading to smaller families.
What is the 'push/pull' idea described by Gillespie?
The 'push' factor is the view that parenthood conflicts with careers and leisure activities, while the 'pull' factor is the desire for greater freedom and better relationships.
What is the trend observed in the role of mothers in the labour force?
Less and less women are choosing to be full-time stay-at-home mothers, due to the availability of childcare options.
What is the significance of the changing values of women in the workforce?
Changing values of women in the workforce, including increased participation and economic independence, have contributed to smaller family sizes.
What is the term for the number of live births per thousand of population per year?
Birth rate
What is meant by Social Construction in the context of social phenomena?
A social phenomena that is not naturally occurring but instead is created by society and varies from culture to culture.
According to Oakley (1974), how did women feel compared to men due to their roles at home?
Women felt similar feelings of boredom and depression as those felt by line workers in factories.
What is meant by Biological Determination in the context of social phenomena?
A social phenomenon that is regulated by biology.
How is a child legally defined?
Someone below the age of majority.
How is childhood reflected in society?
Through laws, dress, products and services, age of innocence, and activities.
Why is childhood considered a social construction?
Because it is shaped by societal and cultural norms, and the definition of a child varies across cultures.
What are the two aspects of immaturity that characterize childhood?
Physical immaturity and psychological immaturity.
Why are different stages of development more likely to be social constructions?
Because they are shaped by societal and cultural norms, and vary across cultures.
When does full physical development typically end?
In the mid-20s.
What is the age group in which cultural and historical differences in childhood become more apparent?
13+ age group
According to Benedict, why is infancy not a social construction?
Because of the complete dependency of infants on others for survival.
What is the significance of the 5-12 age group in terms of childhood as a social construction?
Differences appear both intra culturally and inter culturally at this stage.
What is the basis of intra-cultural differences in childhood?
Class differences.
What is the name of the framework that views childhood as a modern construction?
ARIES
How did James and Prout characterize the moral development of adults?
As complex and moral, with the ability to see multiple viewpoints and a developed moral compass.
What was found in the study of paintings from the pre-industrial era?
Children were considered mini-adults with little variation in games, toys, clothing, and culture.
How did the concept of childhood change over time?
Childhood has changed over time and what we now consider to be childhood is a modern construction.
What is the name of the tribe studied by Firth?
Tikopia tribe
What is the Toxic Childhood Thesis, and what are its consequences on children's health?
The Toxic Childhood Thesis refers to the idea that rapid technological change and cultural changes have damaged children's health, emotional and psychological development, leading to an increase in ADHD, substance abuse, and self-harm.
Who is associated with the idea that Childhood is disappearing at a rapid rate due to the collapse of the information hierarchy?
Neil Postman
What is Child Centeredness, and how does it influence family decision-making?
Child Centeredness refers to when children become the center of decision-making in the family, where decisions are made with their best interests in mind, and parents invest more time and money in them.
What does the term 'Information Hierarchy' refer to?
A division between those who can access information and those who cannot.
What is the Universal Childhood concept, and how is it spreading globally?
The Universal Childhood concept refers to the Western notion of childhood spreading globally, characterized by campaigns for universal education, charities helping street children, globalized TV and media, and growing access to information and participation in the adult world.
How has technology changed the way children access information and participate in the adult world?
Technology has given children much more access to information and ways to participate in the adult world.
What is the significance of children being given the same rights as adults?
Children are being given the same rights as adults, indicating a shift in their status and recognition of their autonomy.
What is the relationship between the growth of technology and children's access to information?
The growth of technology has given children much more access to information.
Who is associated with the idea that Childhood has become damaging to the physical, psychological, and emotional health of young people?
Sue Palmer
Test your knowledge on demographic trends and fertility rates, including the total fertility rate, general fertility rate, and changes in divorce rates among different age groups.
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