Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first stage of the demographic transition model?
What is the first stage of the demographic transition model?
- Low birth rate, low death rate
- Low birth rate, high death rate
- High birth rate, low death rate
- High birth rate, high death rate (correct)
According to the Malthusian model, how does population growth compare to food supply growth?
According to the Malthusian model, how does population growth compare to food supply growth?
- Population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression (correct)
- Population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in geometric progression
- Population grows in arithmetic progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression
- Population grows in arithmetic progression, food supply increases in geometric progression
Who authored the book 'An Essay on the Principle of Population'?
Who authored the book 'An Essay on the Principle of Population'?
- Owens
- Malthus (correct)
- Darwin
- Spencer
What term describes the process used to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess?
What term describes the process used to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess?
Which of the following is considered a preventive check according to Malthus?
Which of the following is considered a preventive check according to Malthus?
Which process decides whether a project requires an impact assessment study?
Which process decides whether a project requires an impact assessment study?
Which of the following is a recognized pillar of sustainability?
Which of the following is a recognized pillar of sustainability?
Which of these is NOT considered a pillar of sustainability?
Which of these is NOT considered a pillar of sustainability?
Which of these is not a tool of habitat management?
Which of these is not a tool of habitat management?
Which sequence correctly represents the process of habitat fragmentation and loss?
Which sequence correctly represents the process of habitat fragmentation and loss?
In selecting areas for conservation reserves, where should the level of threat be?
In selecting areas for conservation reserves, where should the level of threat be?
What is defined as the subset of physical and biotic environmental factors that permit an animal or plant to survive and reproduce?
What is defined as the subset of physical and biotic environmental factors that permit an animal or plant to survive and reproduce?
Captive breeding is categorized as which type of conservation?
Captive breeding is categorized as which type of conservation?
Which of the following is considered a deterministic factor?
Which of the following is considered a deterministic factor?
Which of these factors is classified as stochastic?
Which of these factors is classified as stochastic?
Which type of sustainability focuses on maintaining the ecological balance while meeting human needs?
Which type of sustainability focuses on maintaining the ecological balance while meeting human needs?
Which type of conservation does a zoo exemplify?
Which type of conservation does a zoo exemplify?
Which factor is NOT included in the acronym HIPPO?
Which factor is NOT included in the acronym HIPPO?
Which aspect is NOT represented in the HIPPO acronym?
Which aspect is NOT represented in the HIPPO acronym?
What should be a primary concern when vegetable plants die in a teak plantation?
What should be a primary concern when vegetable plants die in a teak plantation?
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor of a habitat?
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor of a habitat?
What principle states that the rate of a biological process is controlled by the least available factor?
What principle states that the rate of a biological process is controlled by the least available factor?
What is the purpose of transplantation experiments in ecology?
What is the purpose of transplantation experiments in ecology?
Which term describes 'quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain'?
Which term describes 'quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain'?
What is indicated by the accuracy of measured values?
What is indicated by the accuracy of measured values?
Which method is not commonly used to measure absolute population density?
Which method is not commonly used to measure absolute population density?
The logistic growth equation, when visualized, appears in which shape?
The logistic growth equation, when visualized, appears in which shape?
Which sampling method involves selecting every kth unit starting with a random number?
Which sampling method involves selecting every kth unit starting with a random number?
What does the juvenile mortality rate indicate?
What does the juvenile mortality rate indicate?
What is the minimum replacement level fertility necessary for population growth?
What is the minimum replacement level fertility necessary for population growth?
For which group are pan traps primarily used for sampling?
For which group are pan traps primarily used for sampling?
Which statement about longevity is true?
Which statement about longevity is true?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between hawks and grasshoppers in a food chain?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between hawks and grasshoppers in a food chain?
What principle explains the ability to support larger populations if everyone became vegetarians?
What principle explains the ability to support larger populations if everyone became vegetarians?
How is net primary productivity calculated?
How is net primary productivity calculated?
What concept does the relationship between birds on giraffes exemplify?
What concept does the relationship between birds on giraffes exemplify?
Egrets following buffaloes illustrates which type of interaction?
Egrets following buffaloes illustrates which type of interaction?
What is the scientific study of animal behavior called?
What is the scientific study of animal behavior called?
What type of competition is represented by the interaction between exotic shrubs and trees through seed predators?
What type of competition is represented by the interaction between exotic shrubs and trees through seed predators?
Harmonious interactions occur when...
Harmonious interactions occur when...
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Study Notes
Demographic Transition
- A society moves from a high birth rate, high death rate to a low birth rate, low death rate
Malthusian Model
- Population grows in geometric progression, food supply increases in arithmetic progression
"An Essay on the Principle of Population"
- Written by Malthus
Impact Assessment
- Screening is used to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess
- Scoping determines which projects or developments require a full or partial impact assessment study
Sustainability
- Pillars of sustainability include:
- Environmental Sustainability
- Economic Sustainability
- Social Sustainability
Human Impact
- The quantum of human impacts is given by I=P×A×T
- I = impact
- P= population
- A = affluence
- T = Technology
Habitat Management
- Leopold's tools of habitat management include:
- Fire
- Cattle
- Sickle
Habitat Fragmentation and Loss
- Occurs through the following steps:
- Original forest → Dissection → Perforation → Fragmentation → Attrition
Habitat Conservation
- Conservation reserves should be created where the level of threat is very low
Habitat
- Defined as the subset of physical and biotic environmental factors that permit an animal (or plant) to survive and reproduce
Ex-Situ Conservation
- Captive breeding is an example of Ex-Situ conservation
- Zoos are an example of Ex-Situ conservation
Deterministic Factors
- Examples include:
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Population structure
Stochastic Factors
- Examples include:
- Forest fire
- Environmental fluctuation
- Diseases
HIPPO
- Habitat loss
- Invasive species
- Pollution
- Population growth
- Overharvesting
Allelopathy
- The chemical inhibition of one plant (or organism) by another, due to the release of substances
Physical Factors of a Habitat
- Examples include:
- Soil
- Moisture
- Temperature
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
- The rate of any biological process is limited by that factor in least amount relative to requirement, so there is a single limiting factor.
Transplantation Experiments
- Used to find potential range
Dispersal
- Jump dispersal is quick movement over large distances, often across unsuitable terrain
Population Density
- Measured by:
- Total count
- Pelt count
- Capture-recapture method
- Removal method
Logistic Growth Equation
- When plotted, the logistic growth equation appears S shaped
Types of Sampling
- Simple random sampling - Each sampling unit has an equal chance of being chosen
- Systematic sampling - Every kth unit is selected, starting with a random number between 1 and k.
- Stratified sampling - Dividing the population into strata and taking a simple random sample from each strata
Mortality Rate
- Juvenile mortality rate is the annual number of deaths of juveniles per 100 live births
Replacement Level Fertility
- For a population to grow, the minimum replacement level fertility should be greater than 2
Cover Board Surveys
- Typically used for sampling herpetofauna
Food Chains
- In a food chain with grass, grasshoppers, and hawks, more grasshoppers can be supported than hawks.
Vegetarianism
- Switching to a vegetarian population can be explained via the 10% rule (trophic cascade)
Net Primary Productivity
- NPP = APAR × LUE
- APAR = Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation
- LUE = Light Use Efficiency
Symbiosis
- Colony: A group of individuals of the same species that live together in a close-knit group.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
- Protocooperation: Both organisms benefit, but the relationship is not essential for either organism's survival.
- Allelopathy: One organism produces biochemicals that inhibit the growth of another organism.
Ethology
- The scientific study of animal behaviour
Competition
- Interspecific competition: Between two species
- Apparent competition: When two species are negatively impacted by a shared predator
- Harmonious competition: Both participants are either benefited or unharmed
Hamilton's Rule
- rB > C
- r = coefficient of relatedness
- B = benefit to the recipient
- C = cost to the actor
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