Demographic Statistics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the Crude Death Rate (CDR) calculated for the municipality of Balo-i, Lanao Del Norte?

25.7 per 1000

29.3 per 1000 (correct)

31.4 per 1000

35.2 per 1000

What is the formula to calculate the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)?

RNI = Deaths / Births

RNI = CDR - CBR

RNI = CBR + CDR

RNI = CBR - CDR (correct)

In Leyte, what is the Rate of Natural Increase based on the given data?

16.6

2.0 (correct)

11.8

4.6

What does the sex ratio indicate in a population?

Number of females per 1000 males Signup and view all the answers

What value represents the sex ratio based on the given number of males and females?

967 Females per 1000 Males Signup and view all the answers

How is the median age determined from a population data set?

By arranging ages from smallest to largest and identifying the middle value Signup and view all the answers

What is the total population for the South Leyte region?

421,750 Signup and view all the answers

Which age composition measure divides the population into two equal parts?

Median Age Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'de jure' refer to in the context of census enumeration?

People are counted based on where they usually live. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Crude Birth Rate' (CBR)?

The average number of live births per year for every 1000 people. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of demographic information in health statistics?

To prioritize and strategize health programs or interventions. Signup and view all the answers

How is Natural Increase (NI) calculated?

NI = Births - Deaths. Signup and view all the answers

In which city was the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of 36.4 per 1000 population calculated?

Kidapawan City, North Cotabato. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Crude Death Rate (CDR) measure?

The number of deaths in a year per 1000 individuals in a population. Signup and view all the answers

What do census and sample surveys have in common?

Both provide estimates of the population size and composition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does not typically influence population size according to demographic studies?

Favorite food of the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of public health surveillance?

To monitor health problems to facilitate prevention or control Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates efficacy from effectiveness in public health programs?

Efficacy measures results under ideal conditions, while effectiveness measures results in the field. Signup and view all the answers

During a field investigation, what is one of the primary objectives?

To confirm or clarify the circumstances of a reported case Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark feature of analytic studies in epidemiology?

Emphasis on a comparison group Signup and view all the answers

What role do epidemiologists often play during an investigation?

They are usually members or leaders of multidisciplinary teams. Signup and view all the answers

What does evaluation determine regarding public health activities?

The relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary aim of the linkages function in epidemiology?

To facilitate collaboration among various health professionals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes analytic studies in contrast to surveillance?

Analytic studies utilize a comparison group and more rigorous methods. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that describes an infectious agent's capacity to multiply and produce disease in a susceptible host?

Infectivity Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the ability of an infectious agent to survive in adverse environmental conditions?

Resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately defines virulence?

The severity of the disease caused by an agent Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the host can influence susceptibility to an infectious disease?

Socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term antigenicity in regards to infectious agents?

The ability to induce immune response through antibody production Signup and view all the answers

What does the incidence rate (IR) measure in epidemiology?

The number of new cases of a disease in a population at risk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the prevalence rate (PR)?

The proportion of a population with both new and old cases of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary applications of epidemiology in public health?

Understanding the causes and risk factors for diseases Signup and view all the answers

Epidemiology helps in making decisions about public policy and regulatory issues. What is a key component of this process?

Evaluating environmental factors affecting health Signup and view all the answers

Which two Greek words form the base of the term 'epidemiology'?

Epi and demos Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental assumption regarding disease occurrence in epidemiology?

Diseases are influenced by specific determinants and not random chance Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of descriptive epidemiology?

What, Who, Where Signup and view all the answers

What does an epidemic curve primarily illustrate?

Variability in disease occurrence over time Signup and view all the answers

What core function does analytic epidemiology provide?

Explaining the reasons behind disease distribution and occurrence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a determinant in the context of epidemiology?

Social and environmental elements influencing health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of 'Person' in descriptive epidemiology?

It identifies characteristics that affect exposure susceptibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of public health surveillance?

To conduct systematic collection and evaluation of morbidity data Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of the core process of public health surveillance?

Formulating new health policies Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'epidemiology' fundamentally describe?

The investigation of disease patterns in populations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components would be least relevant when selecting a health problem for surveillance?

Cost of healthcare treatments for the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the role of a nurse in public health surveillance?

Identifying, defining and measuring the health problem Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiology is derived from Greek words meaning “on or upon, people, and study.”
It's a scientific discipline that uses systematic approaches, rooted in data.
It's fundamental to public health and guiding practical public health actions.
It's used for causal reasoning in public health.

Demography

Demography is the study of population sizes, composition, and distribution in space.
Population refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time.
Household is a person or a group of related or unrelated people living in the same dwelling unit, who identify an adult male or female as the head of the household.
They share housekeeping arrangements and are considered a single unit.

Sources of Demographic Information

Census is an official and periodic enumeration of population.
De jure: people assigned to their usual place of residence regardless of current location during the census.
De facto: people present during the census regardless of usual residence.
Other sources include sample surveys and registration.

Population Size

Information on population changes.
Prioritize and strategize community health programs and interventions.
Assess possible health related factors.

Measuring Population Changes

Comparing Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) .
Comparison by census data .

Birth Rate

Average number of live births per 1000 people in a population, in a year.
Philippines: 22.28
Japan: 6.95
United States: 12.28
Canada: 10.17
Somalia: 37.98

Death Rate

Average number of deaths per 1000 people in a year.
Philippines: 6.41
Japan: 11.59
United States: 8.38
Canada: 8.12
Somalia: 11.62

Natural Increase

Difference between the number of live births and deaths in the specified year, in a the specified population.
NI = Births - Deaths (specified year)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Example

Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, in a given year, had 4567 births; the total population there was 125,447.
The CBR is 36.4 per 1000

Crude Death Rate (CDR) Example

Balo-i, Lanao Del Norte, the municipality in a given year, had 5634 deaths, and had a total population of 192,310.
The CDR is 29.3 per 1000 population.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Difference between the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate (CBR - CDR)

Demographic Indicators

Population Statistics (sex ratio, dependency ratio, density)
Vital statistics (BR, DR).

Population Composition

Sex composition
Age composition
Age and sex composition

Sex Ratio

Number of females to every 1000 males in the population.
Calculated as: (Number of Females / Number of Males) x 1000

Age Composition

Arranging ages from lowest to highest to divide the population into two equal groups.
Identifying the number at the middle point.

Population Distribution

Urban Rural Distribution- proportion of people living in urban and rural areas.
Crowding Index- ease of communicable disease transmission by dividing house dwellers in comparison to room numbers
Population Density- shows how congested a place is, and is related to adequacy of health services.

Vital Health Statistics

Tabulates, analyses, and interprets data.
Evaluates data.
Recommends redirection/strengthening of health program areas.

Rates and Ratio

Rate- the relationship between events and people exposed in a certain area for the period of time.
Ratio- describes the relationship of two numerical quantities of events.
Crude Rate/General Rate- refers to the whole population living in the area.
Specific Rate- refers to specific population or class group.

Uses of Vital Statistics

Planning human development
Dynamics of reproduction
Life tables
Risks of dying
Population growth projections
Monitoring and evaluating interventions.

Core Epidemiology Function

Public Health Surveillance
Field Investigation
Analytic Studies
Evaluation
Linkages
Policy Development

Public Health Surveillance

Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation, and use of health data to plan, implement, evaluate public health programs and activities.
Use of data to monitor health problems to facilitate their control and prevention.
Health and care providers, clinicians, laboratories, and hospitals report data to the health department.

Field Investigation

Confirm and clarify details, circumstances, or cases.
Characterize the extent of epidemics or identify the causes of outbreaks.

Analytic Studies

Method that is more in depth compared to surveillance and outbreak investigations.
Uses a comparison group to conduct the analysis.

Evaluation

Process to determine how relevant, effective, efficient and impactful are the program's activities and results, systematically and objectively.
Effectiveness- the ability of a program for the intended results.
Efficacy- the ability to do something under ideal conditions.
Efficiency- the ability to produce results with minimum resources.

Linkages

An epidemiologist may be a member or leader during investigations and may work alongside other professionals like laboratorians, sanitarians, infection control personnel, nurses, and other clinical staff.

Policy Development

Input, testimony, and recommendations are made by public health workers regarding disease control strategies, reportable disease regulations, and healthcare policies.

Descriptive Epidemiology

Characterizes epidemics in terms of time, place, and person through an extensive characterization.
Identifies populations at risk of the disease and clues about the cause, source, and mode of transmission for disease prevention and intervention measures.

The W's of Descriptive Epidemiology

What (health issue): identifying the concern or issue.
Who (person): identifying the demographics like age, race, sex involved.
Where (place): pinpointing the locations of interest.
When (time): determining the period of interest regarding the disease, epidemic, outbreak, etc.

Epidemic Curve

Analyze disease occurrence from different viewpoints.
Cholera cases in the Philippines, from March 10 to June 28, 2012.

Epidemic Curve (Time)

The rate of disease occurrence or the number of cases of disease are presented over time.
The pattern of disease cases across morbidity weeks.

Place (Geographical Distribution)

Characteristics of the region, in relation to health issues.
Clues for diseases in urban areas, economic development, climate type, etc., in comparison with mortality rates.
Example: Spot map of Chikungunya Cases in Purok III and IV, of Barangay X, City Y, 2012, covering June 4 to August 6

Person (Age, Sex, etc.)

Distribution of Chikungunya Cases by Age and Sex, in a specific place and time.
Information about the disease by considering factors like individual characteristics, demographics, socioeconomic status, etc

Person Variables

Age
Race/Ethnicity
Physiologic states (Eg. Pregnancy)
Immune status
Marital status
Tobacco use
Drug use
Risk-taking behavior
Response to social and physical stressors
Socio-economic status
Customs
Knowledge
Attitude, Practices
Sex
Genetic predisposition
Concurrent disease
Physical activity
Dietary practices
Alcohol use
Occupation
Body mass
Education level
Occupation
Religion
Access to medical services

Disease Morbidity

Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (Philippines, 2018) – 1,209,821 cases.
Hypertension (Philippines, 2018) – 602,811 cases.
Other diseases ranked in terms of cases and rates for 2018 and 2012 in Region 8

Concepts of Public Health Surveillance

Surveillance is the continuous observation of people, or more, with the intention to direct, supervise, or control.
By observing the distribution and trends in incidence of diseases, through the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of data on morbidity or mortality, better health problems are addressed.

Surveillance Core Processes

Capture (early reporting, active, passive)
Filter (reviewing health events, discarding, substantiating ,within 24 hours)
Verification (substantiating health events, within 24 hours of capture)
Assessment (analyze and judge if it's a public-health risk)
Response (actions and decision)
Feedback and Dissemination (reporting and health events to stakeholders)

Outbreak or Epidemic

Occurrence of disease exceeding the expected number over a specific period or area, especially in groups of people.
Epidemic- involves more people over a wide area.
Outbreak- localized increase in the incidence of an illness or disease, affecting villages, towns, or closed institutions.
Sporadic- diseases that happen infrequently and irregularly.
Endemic: is the steady presence of the illness/disease.
Cluster- is an aggregation of cases in an area over time, regardless of the number of cases if it exceeds expectations.

Epidemiological Triad

Agent, Host, Environment

Agent

Infectious microorganism: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe.
Bacteria: Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Streptococcal infections
Viruses: Viral hepatitis A, influenza, viral meningitis
Mycoses: Ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis
Protozoa: Malaria, Amoebiasis
Helminths: Schistosomiasis

Host

Human who contracts the disease.
Factors like age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, behaviors, lifestyle, sexual behaviors, contraception, nutrient status, immunological and anatomic status

Environment

Extrinsic factors that affect the agent and opportunity of exposure.
Physical factors: geology, climate
Biologic factors: insects
Socioeconomic factors: crowding, sanitation, availability of health services

Epidemiological Investigation Steps

Establish disease existence
Verify diagnosis
Identify type of reporting format
Determine if the unusual prevalence of the disease is related to previous experience or nature of the disease.
Establish time and space relationship
Define relationship characteristics of community members
Correlation and conclusion on all data obtained.
Provision of control measures.
Other outbreak investigation steps

National Surveillance System

Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response System (PIDSR)
Event-based Surveillance and Response system (ESR)
Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)
National HIV/STI Surveillance and Strategic Information Unit (NHSSS)
Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (ONEISS)
Philippine Health Statistics (PHS)

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Description

Test your knowledge on demographic statistics including the Crude Death Rate (CDR), Rate of Natural Increase (RNI), and sex ratio. This quiz assesses your understanding of important population metrics and their calculations relevant to municipalities in the Philippines.