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Questions and Answers
Which event directly led to Syngman Rhee declaring martial law in 1952?
Which event directly led to Syngman Rhee declaring martial law in 1952?
- The Korean War.
- Arrest of twelve assemblymen.
- Threats to dissolve the National Assembly. (correct)
- Censorship of the press.
What triggered the April Revolution in 1960?
What triggered the April Revolution in 1960?
- The execution of Cho Bong-am.
- The discovery of Kim Joo-yeol's body and widespread election fraud.
- Syngman Rhee's declaration of martial law. (correct)
- North Korea's proposal for reunification.
What was the main characteristic of the Second Republic under PM Chang Myon?
What was the main characteristic of the Second Republic under PM Chang Myon?
- A bicameral parliamentary system with a weakened executive branch.
- Increased reliance on the United States for economic stability. (correct)
- A return to authoritarian rule following the end of the Korean War.
- A strong executive presidency modeled after Syngman Rhee's era.
Which of the following actions did Park Chung-hee take immediately after the May 16, 1961 coup?
Which of the following actions did Park Chung-hee take immediately after the May 16, 1961 coup?
What was the primary motivation behind Park Chung-hee's Yushin Era reforms in 1972?
What was the primary motivation behind Park Chung-hee's Yushin Era reforms in 1972?
What was the significance of Jeon Tae-il's self-immolation in 1970?
What was the significance of Jeon Tae-il's self-immolation in 1970?
How did the KCIA attempt to control the labor movement after 1961?
How did the KCIA attempt to control the labor movement after 1961?
What triggered the mass movement for democracy in 1987 that ultimately led to democratic reforms?
What triggered the mass movement for democracy in 1987 that ultimately led to democratic reforms?
How did the opposition's division in the 1987 presidential election affect the outcome?
How did the opposition's division in the 1987 presidential election affect the outcome?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take after Gwangju Uprising?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take after Gwangju Uprising?
Which factor played a crucial role in Park Chung-hee's rise to political popularity during the Third Republic?
Which factor played a crucial role in Park Chung-hee's rise to political popularity during the Third Republic?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance in South Korea?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance in South Korea?
What was the significance of Park announcing his retirement from the military in 1961?
What was the significance of Park announcing his retirement from the military in 1961?
What was the main goal of the “political purification law” implemented in 1962 under Park?
What was the main goal of the “political purification law” implemented in 1962 under Park?
Why were Korean churches of particular importance during the Park dictatorship?
Why were Korean churches of particular importance during the Park dictatorship?
Which statement best summarizes Bruce Cumings' view of the Korean struggle?
Which statement best summarizes Bruce Cumings' view of the Korean struggle?
What was the primary purpose of revising the National Security Law in 1958 under Syngman Rhee?
What was the primary purpose of revising the National Security Law in 1958 under Syngman Rhee?
What event directly followed the April Revolution of 1960?
What event directly followed the April Revolution of 1960?
What was one tool Syngman Rhee used to maintain power?
What was one tool Syngman Rhee used to maintain power?
What was the direct consequence of the death of Lee Han-yeol?
What was the direct consequence of the death of Lee Han-yeol?
What was the attitude of Washington towards Park's 1961 military coup?
What was the attitude of Washington towards Park's 1961 military coup?
Which event is known as the “Seoul Spring?”
Which event is known as the “Seoul Spring?”
What was one of the primary reasons for the Yushin?
What was one of the primary reasons for the Yushin?
What was the result of the student protests?
What was the result of the student protests?
What was the significance of the Busan-Masan Protests that occurred in 1979?
What was the significance of the Busan-Masan Protests that occurred in 1979?
How did Chun Doo-hwan consolidate power after the assassination of Park Chung-hee?
How did Chun Doo-hwan consolidate power after the assassination of Park Chung-hee?
What distinguished the Third Republic from later periods of South Korean history?
What distinguished the Third Republic from later periods of South Korean history?
In what way did the U.S. military influence the events that followed the student protests in Masan in 1960?
In what way did the U.S. military influence the events that followed the student protests in Masan in 1960?
What was the key cause for the April revolution?
What was the key cause for the April revolution?
After Park Chung-hee's assassination in 1979, who assumed the role of leading the investigation?
After Park Chung-hee's assassination in 1979, who assumed the role of leading the investigation?
What action was taken in 1962 against politicians?
What action was taken in 1962 against politicians?
What step did Chun Doo-hwan take after coming to power as president?
What step did Chun Doo-hwan take after coming to power as president?
How did Kim Dae-jung's background and regional support influence the 1971 election?
How did Kim Dae-jung's background and regional support influence the 1971 election?
According to sources, what sector of the population was critical to contributing to the export economy?
According to sources, what sector of the population was critical to contributing to the export economy?
What notable change did Park's new constitution bring about in the government?
What notable change did Park's new constitution bring about in the government?
What did the American Ambassador do during the student protests calling for Syngman Rhee's resignation?
What did the American Ambassador do during the student protests calling for Syngman Rhee's resignation?
After Syngman Rhee left, what type of government was established?
After Syngman Rhee left, what type of government was established?
How was Kim Dae-jung treated after running against Park Chung-hee?
How was Kim Dae-jung treated after running against Park Chung-hee?
How was labor reorganized after 1961?
How was labor reorganized after 1961?
Under Rhee's power what often happened to people who went on strike?
Under Rhee's power what often happened to people who went on strike?
What type of labor act did Jeon exclaim to be followed?
What type of labor act did Jeon exclaim to be followed?
What justification did Rhee's government provide for revising the National Security Law in 1958?
What justification did Rhee's government provide for revising the National Security Law in 1958?
How did the American commander respond to the Masan demonstrations during April 1960?
How did the American commander respond to the Masan demonstrations during April 1960?
What action did university professors take in April 1960 in response to Rhee's government?
What action did university professors take in April 1960 in response to Rhee's government?
What was the ultimate fate of Rhee's Liberal Party after he left office?
What was the ultimate fate of Rhee's Liberal Party after he left office?
What system of government was implemented during the Second Republic?
What system of government was implemented during the Second Republic?
What justification did the “revolutionary committee” provide for banning all political activity after Park's coup?
What justification did the “revolutionary committee” provide for banning all political activity after Park's coup?
What was the main impact of the “political purification law” passed in 1962?
What was the main impact of the “political purification law” passed in 1962?
How did Park consolidate power by controlling the press?
How did Park consolidate power by controlling the press?
What was the significance of the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964-65 during the Third Republic?
What was the significance of the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964-65 during the Third Republic?
How did the economic conditions during the period from 1965-1971 affect Park’s political standing?
How did the economic conditions during the period from 1965-1971 affect Park’s political standing?
What was the primary impact of Park's new constitution under the Yushin Era?
What was the primary impact of Park's new constitution under the Yushin Era?
What international factor contributed to Park's decision to declare the Yushin Era?
What international factor contributed to Park's decision to declare the Yushin Era?
What was the effect of Kim Dae-jung’s regional support in the 1971 election?
What was the effect of Kim Dae-jung’s regional support in the 1971 election?
How did the KCIA attempt to suppress labor movements post-1961?
How did the KCIA attempt to suppress labor movements post-1961?
What was the significance of the Dongil Textile incident in 1978?
What was the significance of the Dongil Textile incident in 1978?
What event triggered the December 12, 1979 military coup?
What event triggered the December 12, 1979 military coup?
Who led the investigation into Park Chung-hee's assassination?
Who led the investigation into Park Chung-hee's assassination?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take regarding political activity after the Gwangju Uprising?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take regarding political activity after the Gwangju Uprising?
How did young people contribute to the labor movement in the 1980s?
How did young people contribute to the labor movement in the 1980s?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance?
What role did religious leaders play during the Park dictatorship and subsequent democratic movements?
What role did religious leaders play during the Park dictatorship and subsequent democratic movements?
What was one of the key demands of protesters during the Gwangju Uprising in 1980?
What was one of the key demands of protesters during the Gwangju Uprising in 1980?
How did the opposition's division in the 1987 presidential election impact the result?
How did the opposition's division in the 1987 presidential election impact the result?
How did the KCIA influence labor organization after 1961?
How did the KCIA influence labor organization after 1961?
What were the stated objectives of closing the National Assembly by Chun Doo-hwan's junta?
What were the stated objectives of closing the National Assembly by Chun Doo-hwan's junta?
What was the direct impact of Park's Yushin Constitution?
What was the direct impact of Park's Yushin Constitution?
What group was key when Korea transitioned to an export-led economy?
What group was key when Korea transitioned to an export-led economy?
What was the intended purpose of the 'Christian Manifesto?'
What was the intended purpose of the 'Christian Manifesto?'
Who did Chun blame following the Gwangju Uprising?
Who did Chun blame following the Gwangju Uprising?
What was the goal of Rhee when he intimidated the assembly?
What was the goal of Rhee when he intimidated the assembly?
Who headed the investigation into Park's assassination?
Who headed the investigation into Park's assassination?
What was the government's view of individuals leaving the university to go work in factories?
What was the government's view of individuals leaving the university to go work in factories?
What happened to Kim Dae-jung after he ran against Park?
What happened to Kim Dae-jung after he ran against Park?
Who used the army's Ninth Division to execute a coup?
Who used the army's Ninth Division to execute a coup?
Under Park Chung-hee's Third Republic, what was the relationship like between Korea's administration and opposition?
Under Park Chung-hee's Third Republic, what was the relationship like between Korea's administration and opposition?
What type of labor did the KCIA reorganize?
What type of labor did the KCIA reorganize?
After April 25, what did several hundred university professors do?
After April 25, what did several hundred university professors do?
Which event demonstrated Syngman Rhee's effort to maintain control during the Korean War?
Which event demonstrated Syngman Rhee's effort to maintain control during the Korean War?
What was the significance of the "sa-sa, o-ip" logic used during Rhee's attempt to secure a third term?
What was the significance of the "sa-sa, o-ip" logic used during Rhee's attempt to secure a third term?
How did Rhee's government use the National Security Law to suppress dissent?
How did Rhee's government use the National Security Law to suppress dissent?
What action did university professors take on April 25th during the April Revolution?
What action did university professors take on April 25th during the April Revolution?
Which statement best describes north Korea's proposal for unification during the Second Republic?
Which statement best describes north Korea's proposal for unification during the Second Republic?
How did Park Chung-hee initially consolidate power after the May 16, 1961 coup?
How did Park Chung-hee initially consolidate power after the May 16, 1961 coup?
What was the purpose of the "political purification law" enacted by Park Chung-hee's junta?
What was the purpose of the "political purification law" enacted by Park Chung-hee's junta?
How did Park Chung-hee seek to legitimize his rule and transition to civilian leadership in 1963?
How did Park Chung-hee seek to legitimize his rule and transition to civilian leadership in 1963?
What was the significance of the normalization treaty with Japan during Park Chung-hee's Third Republic?
What was the significance of the normalization treaty with Japan during Park Chung-hee's Third Republic?
How did the economic growth during the period from 1965 to 1971 impact Park Chung-hee’s political standing?
How did the economic growth during the period from 1965 to 1971 impact Park Chung-hee’s political standing?
Which change was introduced by Park Chung-hee's Yushin Constitution that consolidated his power?
Which change was introduced by Park Chung-hee's Yushin Constitution that consolidated his power?
What international event contributed to Park Chung-hee's decision to declare the Yushin Era?
What international event contributed to Park Chung-hee's decision to declare the Yushin Era?
How did the government respond to the textile union's labor disputes at Dongil Textile in 1978?
How did the government respond to the textile union's labor disputes at Dongil Textile in 1978?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take to consolidate power after the assassination of Park Chung-hee?
What action did Chun Doo-hwan take to consolidate power after the assassination of Park Chung-hee?
What was Chun Doo-hwan's immediate response to the Gwangju Uprising?
What was Chun Doo-hwan's immediate response to the Gwangju Uprising?
How did the death of Park Jong-chul in January 1987 contribute to democratic transition?
How did the death of Park Jong-chul in January 1987 contribute to democratic transition?
What action did Roh Tae-woo take on June 29, 1987?
What action did Roh Tae-woo take on June 29, 1987?
How did the division within the opposition impact the 1987 presidential election?
How did the division within the opposition impact the 1987 presidential election?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance, as highlighted in the discussion?
What was the long-term impact of the Jeolla region's political allegiance, as highlighted in the discussion?
Flashcards
Korean Republics before 1992
Korean Republics before 1992
Each Korean republic until the one elected in 1992 started or ended in massive uprisings or military coups.
Syngman Rhee's rule
Syngman Rhee's rule
The first Korean president (1948-60), according to the CIA, used totalitarian tactics like censorship and police terrorism.
Rhee's 1952 actions
Rhee's 1952 actions
In 1952, Rhee declared martial law, arrested assemblymen, censored the press, and intimidated the assembly to amend election laws.
1954 general elections
1954 general elections
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National Security Law revision (1958)
National Security Law revision (1958)
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Kim Joo-yeol (1960)
Kim Joo-yeol (1960)
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The April Revolution (1960)
The April Revolution (1960)
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Masan Protests (1960)
Masan Protests (1960)
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The Second Republic (1960-61)
The Second Republic (1960-61)
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May 16 Military Coup (1961)
May 16 Military Coup (1961)
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Actions after the 1961 Coup
Actions after the 1961 Coup
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Park Chung-Hee
Park Chung-Hee
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The Yushin Era (1972-79)
The Yushin Era (1972-79)
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Park's New Constitution
Park's New Constitution
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Reasons for the Yushin Era
Reasons for the Yushin Era
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Aftermath of Park's Assassination
Aftermath of Park's Assassination
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Chun Doo-Hwan
Chun Doo-Hwan
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Gwangju Uprising (1980)
Gwangju Uprising (1980)
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Chun Doo-hwan becomes President
Chun Doo-hwan becomes President
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Chun's Actions as President (1981-)
Chun's Actions as President (1981-)
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June 1987 Protests
June 1987 Protests
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June 1987 Protests
June 1987 Protests
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Direct presidential election (1987)
Direct presidential election (1987)
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Study Notes
Democratization in Korean Society
- The Korean struggle toward democracy has been marked by mass protests and military coups
A History of Uprisings and Coups
- Every Korean Republic until the 1992 election of Kim Young Sam saw either military coups or mass uprisings
- Third Republic under Park Chung-hee(1961-1979), began with a coup, ended in Park's murder
- The next-longest Republic, under Chun Doo-hwan (1980-1987), started and ended with rebellions
The April Revolution (1960)
- Syngman Rhee, president from 1948-1960, employed totalitarian tactics; using stringent censorship and police terrorism
- Rhee also used extra-governmental agencies like youth corps to terrorize opposition groups
Rhee’s Authoritarian Measures
- In 1952, Rhee's government declared martial law, arrested assemblymen, censoring the press, and intimidated the assembly to approve direct presidential elections
- The 1954 election became a landslide win for his Rhee's Liberal Party due to political controls, weak opposition, and electoral fraud claims
- Rhee sought a constitutional amendment for a third term, but fell one vote short, resulting in professors trying to alter the math
National Security Law and Election Fraud
- Prior to the 1958 National Assembly elections, Rhee had his political opponent, Cho Bong-am, executed after a rigged trial
- In 1958, Rhee revised the National Security Law imposing jail time for disseminating "false information" to benefit the enemy
The Death of Kim Joo-yeol
- Kim Joo-yeol, a middle school student, was found dead in Masan harbor on April 12, 1960, with grenade fragments in his eye socket,
- The Masan demonstrations saw around 40,000 people attacking police and government offices
- The American commander approved troops to restore order, but it was not effective as rebellion spread and martial law was declared
The April 1960 Revolution; 4.19 혁명
- On April 19, 1960 a crowd of 100,000 protested at the palatial with Palace guards firing into the crowd causing pandemonium
- 115 citizens lost their lives, 1,000 were injured and then regular army units moved in to secure order helped by student protesting and sympathetic soldiers
End of Rhee's Rule
- On April 25, university professors held a demonstration calling for Rhee's resignation
- Demonstrators demolished the Vice President’s home
- The U.S. Ambassador suggested Rhee resign following the previous days events
- On April 29 Rhee went to Hawaii in exile, his Liberal Party soon disappeared with him
The Second Republic (1960-1961)
- The Second Republic established the first democratic government with PM Chang Myon leading the Democratic Party
- It followed a bicameral parliamentary system, the cabinet was responsible to the legislature, weakened presidency
- Kim Il-sung of North Korea proposed a confederal system of unification, South Korea protests demanded inter-Korean meeting
- It was a brief democratic experiment that was soon overcome by economic stagnation, dependency on the US, political instability
Military Coup (May 16, 1961)
- Park Chung-hee quickly positioned army/marine officers and armored units to strategic points in Seoul
- Seoul, radio, press, and the government were quickly secured bloodlessly
- The US acquiesced to the coup
- The Junta closed the National Assembly, banning all political activity, advocating anticommunism, pledged close ties with the US and a self-supporting economy to return power to citizens
Park's Rule
- Park became leader for Korea for 2 years under an emergency junta called the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction, proclaimed by a 1961 "extraordinary measures law"
- Chang Myon's 1960 constitution was suspended
- The junta would arrest 2,000 politicians, including Change along with 13,300 civil servants and military officers
- A "political purification law" in 1962 banned 4,367 politicians from politicking for 6 years
- 49 of the 64 daily newspapers in Seoul were closed along with Park's addition of an anticommunist law to go along with the National Security Law in 1961
- Socialist countries were defined as enemy states
Return to Civilian Rule
- In 1961 under US pressure Park announced plans to restore civilian rule by 1963
- In 1962 the military leaders drew up a new constitution restoring the strong executive presidency that existed under Rhee
- Park announced retiring from the military to run for president and won 47 pct of the vote in a relatively fair election
Republic Political Landscape
- KCIA and Park's Democratic Republican Party, were new political institutions for Republic
- The normalization treaty with Japan (1964-1965) resulted in student demonstration threats to abolish the National Assembly
- There were threats to reinstate with In June 1964, martial Park declared martial law; the use of two combat divisions of SK Army troops was acquiesced to by American commanders
Growth and Weak Opposition
- During the period of 1965-1971 there was rapid economic growth, as Park ran for reelection in 1967
- Success translated into political popularity with Park won by over a million votes in a reasonably fair election
- KCIA and the DRP used tens of millions of dollars
- During time Korea's opposition was weak
- Between 1967-1971 306 administrative bills passed by the assembly
The Yushin Era (1972-1979)
- In 1972 Park declares martial law dissolving the National Assembly/Political parties
- All political activity was banned; free speech was restricted
- The Third Republic was at its end
- Eight years where regime and democratic system semi military under the veneer of the Authoritarian state
Park's New Constitution and Laws
- New constitution removed all limits on his tenure and and powers for him to appoint cabinet members
- He can designated 1/3 of the National Assembly, to suspend or destroy civil liberties, etc
- The National Security Law and the anticommunist law remained in place, and Park frequently issued decrees
Why Yushin?
- Change Policy shock Seoul visit to China in Nixon in 1972
- Nixon Doctrine led to American troop reduction Crisis for Pak
- 1971 Loss close election Opposition
- Opposition candidate Kim Dae-jung (did win 46%),
- This resulted in $7 million from American oil firms to to undermine and rig voting that buying help
Growth and Weak Opposition
- Southwestern provinces Jeolla underdevelopment Kim took for grievances
- There legitimate Aroused by the Han miracle
The Labor Movement
- the 1970s Labor class grew and gained steam effecting the political changes in 1979–80
- Korea's labor Movement in 1940 active but Ree maintained the controlled Company interests of management and intervention break strikes
Labor from the top
- With the 1961 KCIA reorginze workplace like sector unions One textile one Chemical and new national was appointed loyal
Teenage labor
- Women formed army of Low skill workers who were truly take-off to soldier export in 1960s
- 1822 High level of Junior high to school that live in company half dormitories
- These women were Gold to exporter workers
Tae-ll and others
- Textile Worker J was isolated shouted in by labor standards suicide act
- This shock occurred to the whole nation
- Textile went to unit Union to find everything covered with Human were women
- 70 women nude was catalyst key KCCA
Religious Leaders Dissent
- Korean churches were primary sources for Park because of the resistance
- Latin influence Migrated to Korea for a Catholicism Min Yung and common movement people
Christian Manifesto
- 1973 stated the regime in Korea by one of that one authoritarian control
- The present regime of belief and destruction through Conscience
Another military Coup
- There's brief open political Spring with spring
- It was lead by general who was a park
- They use ninth divisions for army to execute Americans
The political
- KCIAs were head made by troops and students
- They ban it was universities and and political
Gwangi-u
- 500 people elite and paratroopers killed the women
Aftermath
- City death toll average had doubled 19 years
- And was shut political arrested a
- Electoral College
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Description
Explore the tumultuous journey of democratization in Korean society. From mass protests to military coups, Korean Republics faced significant challenges. Examine key events like the April Revolution and authoritarian measures under leaders such as Syngman Rhee.
