Democracy in the Muslim World: Key Determinants
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What does the term Shari'a primarily refer to when contrasted with fiqh?

  • Only man-made laws
  • Social customs and practices
  • God's laws as found in the Quran and Sunnah (correct)
  • Consensus of the community

How is the broader usage of Shari'a defined in formal legal literature?

  • Exclusively as laws governing family matters
  • As only divine laws
  • As including all Islamic laws, both divine and man-made (correct)
  • As a set of moral guidelines for individuals

What are the implications of Shari'a law regarding citizens' treatment under the law?

  • It weakens the legal system's authority
  • It promotes equal treatment for all individuals
  • It eliminates all forms of legal discrimination
  • It treats individuals differently based on responsibilities (correct)

What aspect of societal roles does Shari'a law arguably reinforce?

<p>Complementary roles in family and society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Shari'a law affect the political culture of a society?

<p>By fostering a culture of autocratic rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to some theorists, which beliefs are seen as prerequisites for democratization?

<p>Principles of Western liberalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did earlier scholars suggest about Catholicism's impact on democratization in Latin America?

<p>It impeded the emergence of liberal democracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying tradition does Shari'a law purportedly share with other communal systems?

<p>Promotion of submissive attitudes towards authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three forms of state-institutionalized Islam discussed in relation to Muslim-majority states?

<p>Presence of religious courts (A), Adoption of Islam as the state religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings, what seems to hinder democratization in Muslim-majority states?

<p>Other factors in the MENA region along with a communist legacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What timeframe does the data cover for analyzing Muslim-majority states?

<p>1990 to 2002 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is regime type measured in the analysis?

<p>Polity IV's twenty-one point measure for regime authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is mentioned regarding the data for the analysis?

<p>Unavailability of data prior to 1990 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions' factors are indicated as delaying democratic reform in Muslim-majority states?

<p>Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overall effect do state laws and policies based on Islam have on democratization, as per the findings?

<p>They do not significantly impede democratization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a factor that influences regime type in Muslim-majority states?

<p>Religious diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is emphasized as not being an impediment to democratization in Muslim-majority states?

<p>Institutionalization of Islam in the state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region's characteristics are noted as factors that delay democratic reform?

<p>The Middle East and North Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Muslim-majority states were assessed in the analysis from 1990 to 2002?

<p>51 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was used in the analysis to assess the determinants of democracy?

<p>Multilevel mixed effects linear regression model and path analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states is noted as having a better propensity toward democratic change?

<p>Egypt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor delaying democratization in the article?

<p>Socioeconomic inequalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main thesis of the article concerning the relationship between Islam and democracy?

<p>Institutional Islam poses no barriers to democratization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of correlation is observed between Muslim majority states and democratization according to the analysis?

<p>Negative correlation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is violated when a state favors one religion over others?

<p>Twin tolerations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows a state religion to monopolize the religious market?

<p>Exclusive access to policymaking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country does Wahabi Islam have a dominant political voice in state policies?

<p>Saudi Arabia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the financial subsidization of a state religion?

<p>Higher entry costs for other religions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of the relationship between state institutionalized Islam and democracy?

<p>Increased likelihood of autocracy in Muslim-majority states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the likelihood-ratio test verify in this context?

<p>Differences in variance components are significant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'twin tolerations'?

<p>Religious freedoms balanced with state authority (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the measure from Polity IV indicate about a state’s regime type?

<p>It ranges from absolute autocracy to full democracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does state-subsidized religion affect the political landscape?

<p>It allows the state religion to exert more influence on policy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which independent variable measures the integration of Islamic principles into state law?

<p>Islamic Laws and Policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about state-sanctioned religions is accurate?

<p>They can lead to systematic inequalities in governance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the variable 'Religious Courts' evaluate?

<p>The influence of religious courts on governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the variable 'Islamic Laws and Policies' quantified?

<p>By counting the total state laws based on religious law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a score of -10 on Polity IV's regime authority measure indicate?

<p>Closed autocracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do Muslim-majority states face regarding democratization?

<p>Significant resistance compared to other regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for Islamic Laws and Policies as a measure?

<p>0 to 32 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oil impact democratization in states with high income inequality?

<p>It can contribute to democratization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Haber and Menaldo argue regarding the correlation between oil and autocracy?

<p>The correlation disappears when controlling for specific conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective do Anderson and Ross argue is necessary to see the autocratic effects of oil?

<p>A longer time perspective, especially after 1979. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked a significant shift in how states approached oil industries post-1979?

<p>The nationalization of oil industries by many states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of oil wealth that has been debated among political scientists?

<p>It may promote authoritarian regimes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who challenges the views of Haber and Menaldo concerning oil's political effects?

<p>Jorgen Anderson and Michael Ross. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is commonly included in discussions about the 'resource curse'?

<p>Weakening of political accountability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major conclusion drawn from the debate on oil and political regimes?

<p>Long-term trends reveal oil's tendency to support authoritarianism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Determinants of Democracy in Muslim-majority states

Factors that influence the level of democratization in Muslim-majority countries.

Institutionalization of Islam in the state

The degree to which Islamic principles and institutions are incorporated into a nation's government and laws.

Negative correlation between Muslim majority states and democratization

A tendency for Muslim-majority countries to be less democratic than other nations.

Multilevel mixed effects linear regression model

A statistical method used to analyze data with multiple levels, allowing for variations between and within countries or groups.

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Path analysis

A statistical technique used to determine the relationships between variables, demonstrating cause and effect.

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Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

A region where some factors might delay democratic transition.

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Communist legacy

Historical communist influences that may affect a country's path toward democracy.

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Democratic change

Processes or reforms that encourage or enable democratization.

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State-institutionalized Islam

Different forms of government-endorsed Islam, including declaring Islam the state religion, implementing Islamic laws, and establishing religious courts.

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Regime type

The type of government in power, categorized from autocracy to democracy.

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Democratization

The transition from non-democratic to democratic systems of governance.

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Polity IV measure

A 21-point scale used to measure regime authority, ranging from -10 (autocracy) to 10 (democracy).

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Muslim-majority states

Countries where Muslims form the majority of the population.

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Data limitations

Restrictions on the data available for this study, preventing the investigation of the past.

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Factors hindering democratization (MENA)

Cultural, economic, and regional conditions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) that may hinder democratic reform, alongside a communist legacy.

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Study Period

The time frame studied regarding the impact of state-institutionalized Islam on democratization in Muslim-majority states - from 1990 to 2002.

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Shari'a

Islamic law, encompassing God's laws from the Quran and Sunnah, and also including man-made laws based on interpretations of divine sources.

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Fiqh

Islamic laws that are man-made, based on interpretations and understandings of divine sources.

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Islamic Laws

Rules and regulations in Islam, covering diverse aspects of life, from family to criminal matters based on Shari'a.

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Different treatment under the law

Shari'a law potentially leads to unequal treatment based on an individual's responsibilities and beliefs within the community.

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Social and political rights

Rights concerning participation in society and politics. Often Shari'a may treat different groups differently.

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Family Laws

Islamic laws concerning family matters. It can potentially include unequal provisions for men & women (often based on roles in the family).

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Autocratic rule

A system of government where one person or a small group has absolute power; accepting religious mandates related to Shari'a can incline towards this system.

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Western Liberalism

A political philosophy stressing individual rights and liberties, a required element for democracy.

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Twin Tolerations

A principle in a democracy where the state guarantees freedom of religion for all citizens and provides equal opportunity for all religious entities to participate in the democratic process, while also avoiding favoring one religion over others.

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State-Sanctioned Religion

A religion officially recognized and supported by the state, often receiving special privileges and influence in government and policy.

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Religious Market

The competitive landscape of different religious groups vying for followers and influence in society.

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Financial Subsidization

Government funding provided to a specific religious group, which can give them a financial advantage over other groups.

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Exclusivity in Policymaking

A situation where one particular religion's views dominate government policy due to its privileged status.

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Religious Endowment Program

A government program that provides financial and property support to religious institutions, often favoring one specific religion.

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Autocratic Nature of Muslim-Majority States

The tendency for Muslim-majority countries to be less democratic and more authoritarian in their governance.

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Factors Contributing to Autocracy in Muslim-Majority States

Various economic, social, and historical factors that might contribute to the autocratic nature of many Muslim-majority states.

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Resource Curse

The idea that countries rich in natural resources, like oil, are less likely to be democratic and may experience economic stagnation.

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Oil and Autocracy

The hypothesis that oil wealth is linked to authoritarian rule, as it provides governments with economic independence and reduces pressure for democratic reforms.

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Haber and Menaldo's Argument

They argue that the correlation between oil and autocracy disappears when specific country factors are considered. They believe that the 'resource curse' is not a universal phenomenon.

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Anderson and Ross's Counterargument

They contend that the autocratic effects of oil are more apparent after 1979, when many countries nationalized their oil industries, giving them even more control over resource wealth.

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Rentier State

A country that relies heavily on revenue from natural resources, particularly oil, making it less reliant on its citizens and less responsive to their needs.

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Nationalization of Oil Industries

The process where a country takes ownership and control of its oil resources from foreign companies.

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Impact of Nationalization

Anderson and Ross argue that nationalizing oil industries significantly strengthens the link between oil wealth and autocracy, as governments have even greater control over resources.

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Time Perspective

Anderson and Ross emphasize the importance of considering the long-term impact of oil wealth, particularly after nationalization, to understand its relationship with autocracy.

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Variance in Regime Type

Differences in how democratic or autocratic states are within a region (within-state variation) and between different regions (between-state variation).

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Likelihood-Ratio Test

A statistical test used to determine if there's a significant difference between groups, specifically comparing if two variance components are different from zero.

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Institutionalized Islam

Different ways Islam is formally integrated into state policies, laws, and institutions.

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Islamic Laws and Policies

Measuring how many laws and policies in a state are based on Islamic principles.

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Religious Courts

Examines if a state has courts dedicated to Islamic law.

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Shari'a Law and Democratization

The study explores whether the implementation of Islamic law hinders or promotes democratic change.

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Resisting Democratization

Muslim-majority states, as a group, tend to be less democratic compared to other parts of the world.

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Study Notes

Article Summary: Determinants of Democracy in the Muslim World

  • Focus: The article examines factors influencing democratization in Muslim-majority states, specifically focusing on the institutionalization of Islam within the state.
  • Methodology: A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model is used to analyze data from 51 Muslim-majority states between 1990 and 2002.
  • Key Findings:
    • State-institutionalized Islam (as state religion, Islamic laws, or religious courts) does not hinder democratization.
    • Factors specific to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, along with a legacy of communism, delay meaningful democratic reform.
    • States with higher economic development and those that are not oil-dependent show better propensity for democratic transition.
    • Significant correlation between oil dependency and autocracy.
    • Some countries, like Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Yemen, show potential for democratic change.
  • Critical variables:
    • State institutionalization of Islam (adoption of Islam as state religion, incorporation of Islamic laws, and presence of religious courts)
    • Economic development (GDP per capita)
    • Oil dependency
    • Communist legacy
    • Region (MENA)
  • Conclusion:
    • The presence of Islamic laws or religious institutions within the state does not predict autocracy.
    • The article challenges common assumptions about Islam's role in hindering democracy in majority-Muslim states.
    • Other factors (regional, economic, and historical) play a significant role and may be more important in explaining democratization outcomes.

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Determinants of Democracy in the Muslim World PDF

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This quiz explores the determinants of democratization in Muslim-majority states, based on a comprehensive study utilizing data from 51 countries. Key factors such as the role of Islam in governance, economic development, and regional influences provide a nuanced understanding of democracy's landscape in the MENA region.

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