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Questions and Answers
What primarily motivates individuals to seek a second opinion from healthcare experts?
Which factor does NOT influence the demand for healthcare services?
How do technological advancements typically impact the demand for healthcare services?
What factor is likely to cause a sudden increase in demand for healthcare services?
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Which of the following is a socio-economic factor influencing healthcare demand?
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How does supply in healthcare services primarily react to price changes?
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Which of the following best explains the challenges in comparing healthcare prices across different countries?
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In what way can government policies affect the demand for healthcare services?
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What is one characteristic unique to government-controlled or not-for-profit hospitals regarding their operational goals?
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Which demographic change is most likely to increase demand for healthcare services?
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Cultural and social factors influence healthcare demand primarily by affecting:
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In the context of healthcare production, which of the following elements is NOT considered part of a hospital's capital?
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In the production function of a hospital, which variables represent the inputs used?
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What is a likely consequence of advances in medical technology on healthcare demand?
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What best describes the overall significance of understanding demand factors in healthcare services?
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Which of the following does NOT impact the supply of healthcare services?
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What distinguishes not-for-profit hospitals from for-profit hospitals?
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What is an example of product innovation in the health care sector?
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Which of the following best describes process innovations in health care?
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What significant change occurred in hernia surgery since 1919?
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What role do pharmaceutical production facilities play in the health care sector?
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The technology advancements in modern dental offices include which of the following?
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What factor is critical for technological progress in the health care sector?
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What is a significant concern regarding advanced health care technologies, such as MRI machines?
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What is a reason doctors may turn down certain patients?
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How are hospitals responding to increasing rates of non-paying patients?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the healthcare workforce supply?
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What primarily determines how much compensation a hospital receives from an insurance company for patient care?
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Why might hospitals face complex repayment schedules?
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What does not directly contribute to the supply of healthcare facilities?
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Which statement about hospital payments is accurate?
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What is a key component impacting the supply of healthcare services?
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What does the acronym PRECEDE stand for in the context of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?
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Which of the following assessments is NOT included in the PRECEDE phase?
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In the PROCEED phase, which type of evaluation assesses if a program is reaching the targeted population?
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What is the primary focus of the Social assessment in the PRECEDE model?
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What does the acronym PROCEED represent in the context of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?
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Which of the following is NOT an intervention consideration in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?
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The ecological assessment in the PRECEDE model involves analyzing which factors?
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What is a key goal of the PRECEDE phase in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model?
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Study Notes
Demand in Health Care Services
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Population Demographics:
- Ageing populations require more healthcare services due to age-related illnesses and chronic conditions
- Changes in population size, growth rates, and urbanization impact demand
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Socioeconomic Factors:
- Income levels, employment status, education, and access to health insurance influence demand
- Higher income and better insurance coverage often correlate with increased demand
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Disease Prevalence:
- The prevalence of diseases and health conditions in a population directly affects demand for related healthcare services.
- An increase in chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer leads to higher demand for specialized care and treatments.
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Technological Advancements:
- Advancements in medical technology lead to new treatments, procedures, and medical devices, increasing demand for specialized services
- However, these advancements can also increase costs, affecting accessibility and affordability for certain populations
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Government Policies and Regulations:
- Healthcare policies, like universal health coverage, Medicaid expansion, or changes in reimbursement rates, significantly impact demand for healthcare services
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Cultural and Social Factors:
- Cultural beliefs, attitudes toward health and wellness, and social norms influence individuals' health-seeking behaviors and preferences for specific healthcare services.
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Healthcare Infrastructure:
- The availability and accessibility of healthcare facilities, providers, and services within a community or region affect demand.
- Areas with limited access to healthcare may experience higher demand compared to areas with well-developed healthcare infrastructure.
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Public Health Emergencies and Pandemics:
- Outbreaks of infectious diseases or public health emergencies can lead to sudden spikes in demand for healthcare services, overwhelming healthcare systems and resources.
Supply of Health Care Services
- Supply: Refers to the quantity of a commodity available to consumers at a particular price and time.
- Quantity Offered for Sale: Higher price, larger supply; lower price, smaller supply - a positive relationship exists between price and the quantity of a commodity supplied.
- Supply in Health Care Services: Refers to the availability of healthcare resources, including facilities, healthcare professionals, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, and other necessary resources to meet the demands for healthcare services.
- Market Power of Health Care Suppliers: Some suppliers have significant market power; this complicates the use of supply and demand reasoning when comparing healthcare prices across countries.
- Government-Controlled or Not-For-Profit Hospitals: These institutions may not have profit maximization as their primary goal, making standard economic approaches more difficult to apply.
- Production Function in Health Care: Output is produced using a production function with labor, capital, and intermediate inputs (Q = f (X, Y), Where Q = Output, X = Labour, Y = Capital).
- Production Function of a Hospital: Includes labor (doctors, surgeons, orderlies, technicians, nurses, administrative staff) and capital (hospital buildings).
- Health Care Capital: Includes pharmaceutical production facilities and companies that produce medical equipment like MRIs.
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Technological Progress in Health Care: Comprises product and process innovations.
- Product Innovations: Include the vast array of drugs available due to research and development at pharmaceutical companies and publically funded research, and advanced machinery used in modern healthcare facilities.
- Process Innovations: Refer to how techniques are implemented, like advancements in surgical procedures
- Government Influence on Supply: Governments may set rates for certain procedures or negotiate with pharmaceutical companies.
- Insurance Companies: Provide additional revenue sources to hospitals and doctors through reimbursement for patient care, which is determined by the patient's insurance policy.
Factors Influencing Supply in Health Care Services
- Healthcare Workforce: The availability of healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, support staff) is crucial for delivering healthcare services. Factors influencing workforce supply include healthcare graduates, immigration policies, professional licensing requirements, and working conditions.
- Healthcare Facilities: The number and distribution of hospitals, clinics, primary care centers, and specialized healthcare facilities determine the supply of healthcare services. Factors influencing facility supply include construction and infrastructure development.
Models of Service Utilization
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PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: A comprehensive structure for assessing health needs, designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion and public health programs.
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PRECEDE: Focuses on planning and includes the following steps:
- Social Assessment: Determines social problems and needs of a population and identifies desired results.
- Epidemiological Assessment: Identifies health determinants of the problems, sets priorities, and establishes goals.
- Ecological Assessment: Analyzes behavioral and environmental determinants that influence behaviors and lifestyles.
- Administrative and Policy Assessment: Identifies factors that influence implementation and matches appropriate interventions to encourage changes.
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PROCEED: Focuses on implementation and evaluation, encompassing the following steps:
- Implementation: Designs interventions, assesses resource availability, and implements the program.
- Process Evaluation: Determines if the program reaches the targeted population and achieves its goals.
- Impact Evaluation: Evaluates the change in behavior.
- Outcome Evaluation: Identifies a decrease in the incidence or prevalence of negative behavior or an increase in positive behavior.
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PRECEDE: Focuses on planning and includes the following steps:
- Knippenberg and Andersen Models: Other models used for service utilization assessment.
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Description
Explore the key factors influencing demand for healthcare services, including population demographics, socioeconomic conditions, disease prevalence, and technological advancements. Understand how these elements interact to shape the healthcare landscape in modern society.
