Podcast
Questions and Answers
Delhi became an important city only in the ______ century.
Delhi became an important city only in the ______ century.
twelfth
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara ______.
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara ______.
Rajputs
The Tomaras were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the ______.
The Tomaras were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the ______.
Chauhans
Coins minted in Delhi were called ______.
Coins minted in Delhi were called ______.
The transformation of Delhi into a capital started with the foundation of the Delhi ______.
The transformation of Delhi into a capital started with the foundation of the Delhi ______.
Histories in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans, are known as ______.
Histories in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans, are known as ______.
The learned men who authored tarikh were secretaries, administrators, poets, and ______.
The learned men who authored tarikh were secretaries, administrators, poets, and ______.
Sultan ______'s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan in 1236.
Sultan ______'s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan in 1236.
The chronicler ______ recognized Raziyya was more able than her brothers.
The chronicler ______ recognized Raziyya was more able than her brothers.
The Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured special slaves purchased for military service, called ______ in Persian.
The Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured special slaves purchased for military service, called ______ in Persian.
The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandagan and also raised people of humble birth, who were often their ______, to high political positions.
The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandagan and also raised people of humble birth, who were often their ______, to high political positions.
Military commanders appointed as governors of territories were called iqta and its holder was called ______.
Military commanders appointed as governors of territories were called iqta and its holder was called ______.
Under Alauddin Khalji the state brought the assessment and collection of ______ revenue under its own control.
Under Alauddin Khalji the state brought the assessment and collection of ______ revenue under its own control.
One of the three types of taxes was on cultivation called ______ and amounting to about 50 percent of the peasant's produce.
One of the three types of taxes was on cultivation called ______ and amounting to about 50 percent of the peasant's produce.
______ was consisted of one-fifth of war booty and one-fifth on mines and treasure trove.
______ was consisted of one-fifth of war booty and one-fifth on mines and treasure trove.
______ was one of the religious duties under which Muslims had to give 40th part of their annual savings to the needy.
______ was one of the religious duties under which Muslims had to give 40th part of their annual savings to the needy.
______ was a tax paid by the non-Muslims who had been given the status of zimmis
______ was a tax paid by the non-Muslims who had been given the status of zimmis
The Mongols under ______ invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219
The Mongols under ______ invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219
After the Tughluqs, the Sayyid and ______ dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526.
After the Tughluqs, the Sayyid and ______ dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526.
______ Sur started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar.
______ Sur started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar.
Regions like the Kaveri ______ became the centre of large kingdoms.
Regions like the Kaveri ______ became the centre of large kingdoms.
Many rich ______ merchants lived in the city of Delhi and constructed several temples.
Many rich ______ merchants lived in the city of Delhi and constructed several temples.
The authors of tawarikh advised rulers on the need to preserve an “ideal” social order based on ______ and gender distinctions.
The authors of tawarikh advised rulers on the need to preserve an “ideal” social order based on ______ and gender distinctions.
The chronicler of the age ______, recognized that she was more able and qualified than all her brothers.
The chronicler of the age ______, recognized that she was more able and qualified than all her brothers.
The Delhi Sultans also shocked many elites and the authors of Persian ______ criticised the Delhi Sultans for appointing the “low and base-born” to high offices.
The Delhi Sultans also shocked many elites and the authors of Persian ______ criticised the Delhi Sultans for appointing the “low and base-born” to high offices.
Like the earlier Sultans, the Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of ______.
Like the earlier Sultans, the Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of ______.
These lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or ______.
These lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or ______.
Control over ______ was most effective if their office was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.
Control over ______ was most effective if their office was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.
Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of ______ collected by the muqtis.
Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of ______ collected by the muqtis.
As the Delhi Sultans brought the ______ of the cities under their control, they forced the landed chieftains – the samanta aristocrats.
As the Delhi Sultans brought the ______ of the cities under their control, they forced the landed chieftains – the samanta aristocrats.
One of the three types of taxes was on ______ called kharaj and amounting to about 50 per cent of the peasant's produce
One of the three types of taxes was on ______ called kharaj and amounting to about 50 per cent of the peasant's produce
The Sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, after the ______, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled
The Sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, after the ______, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled
It was under the Tomaras and ______ that Delhi became an important commercial centre.
It was under the Tomaras and ______ that Delhi became an important commercial centre.
The Delhi ______ built many cities in the area that we now know as Delhi.
The Delhi ______ built many cities in the area that we now know as Delhi.
In Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans, Histories are known as tarikh (singular)/ ______ (plural)
In Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans, Histories are known as tarikh (singular)/ ______ (plural)
In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish's daughter, ______, became Sultan.
In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish's daughter, ______, became Sultan.
Other Taxes levied under the Delhi Sultanate: 1. Khums 2. ______ 3. Jizyah
Other Taxes levied under the Delhi Sultanate: 1. Khums 2. ______ 3. Jizyah
Other Taxes levied under the Delhi Sultanate: 1. ______ 2. Zakat 3. Jizyah
Other Taxes levied under the Delhi Sultanate: 1. ______ 2. Zakat 3. Jizyah
In the early years of Muhammad Tughluq's rule, Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of ______
In the early years of Muhammad Tughluq's rule, Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of ______
______ captured Delhi and established his own dynasty.
______ captured Delhi and established his own dynasty.
Flashcards
What is Tawarikh?
What is Tawarikh?
Histories written in Persian during the Delhi Sultanate period.
What are Gender Distinctions?
What are Gender Distinctions?
A social and biological difference between men and women.
What is Birthright?
What is Birthright?
Privileges inherited by birth, like nobles inheriting rights to govern.
Who were the Muqtis?
Who were the Muqtis?
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What are Iqta?
What are Iqta?
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What is Kharaj?
What is Kharaj?
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What is Khums?
What is Khums?
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What is Zakat?
What is Zakat?
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What is Jizyah?
What is Jizyah?
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Who are Clients?
Who are Clients?
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What happened in the 12th century?
What happened in the 12th century?
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Tomaras and Chauhans
Tomaras and Chauhans
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What is Dehliwal?
What is Dehliwal?
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Study Notes
- Delhi became an important city in the twelfth century
- The transformation of Delhi into a capital started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning of the thirteenth century
- Delhi Sultans built cities in the area now known as Delhi
Map 1 - Selected Sultanate cities of Delhi, thirteenth-fourteenth centuries
- Dehli-i Kuhna, Siri, and Jahanpanah are displayed on the map
Table 1 - The Rulers of Delhi
Rajput Dynasties
- Tomaras ruled Early twelfth century - 1165
- Ananga Pala ruled 1130-1145
- Chauhans ruled 1165-1192
- Prithviraj Chauhan ruled 1175-1192
Early Turkish rulers
- Qutbuddin Aybak ruled 1206 –1210
Khalji Dynasty - Dates not specified
Tughluq Dynasty - Dates not specified
Sayyid Dynasty
- Khizr Khan ruled 1414 –1421
Lodi Dynasty - Dates not specified
Delhi Under the Sultans
- Histories in Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans, are known as Tarikh (singular) or Tawarikh (plural)
- Tawarikh authors were learned men who advised rulers on governance
- The authors of Tawarikh primarily lived in cities like Delhi and wrote for Sultans hoping for rewards
- These authors promoted an "ideal" social order based on birthright and gender distinctions
The Circle of Justice
- Fakhr-i Mudabbir wrote in the thirteenth century that that the king needs soliders, soliders need salaries and salaries come from happy peasants
Raziyya
- In 1236, Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan
- Minhaj-us-Siraj recognized Raziyya was more qualified than her brothers but was uncomfortable with a queen
- Nobles were unhappy with Raziyya's attempts to rule independently
- Raziyya was removed from the throne in 1240
Administration Under the Khaljis and Tughluqs
- Early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favored slaves called bandagan purchased for military service and carefully trained
- Bandagan held important political offices
- The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandagan and raised clients to high political positions such as generals and governors
- Accession of a new monarch often caused conflict between the old and new nobility
- The Delhi Sultans' patronage of humble people shocked elites and Persian tawarikh critics
Sultan Muhammad Tughluq's Officials
- Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed individuals like a wine distiller, barber, cook, and gardeners to high administrative posts
- Ziyauddin Barani viewed these appointments as a sign of the Sultan's lost political judgment
Lands During Khalji and Tughluq Rule
- Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes
- These lands were called iqta, and their holders were called iqtadar or muqti
- The muqtis' duty was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas
- The muqtis collected revenues as salary and paid soldiers
- Effective control required muqtis' office not be inheritable and them being assigned iqtas for short periods
- Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq rigorously imposed these conditions
- Accountants checked revenue collected by the muqtis, ensuring they only collected prescribed taxes and maintained the required soldiers
Delhi Sultanate Hinterlands
- Delhi Sultans forced landed chieftains and aristocrats to accept their authority in the hinterlands of cities under their control
- Under Alauddin Khalji, the state controlled land revenue assessment and collection, canceling local chieftains' rights to levy taxes and forcing them to pay taxes
- Sultan's administrators measured land and kept careful accounts, with old chieftains and landlords sometimes serving as revenue collectors and assessors
Three Types of Taxes
- Kharaj: Tax on cultivation, about 50% of peasant's produce
- Tax on cattle
- Tax on houses
- Large parts of the subcontinent remained outside Delhi Sultans’ control
Additional Taxes
- Khums: Consisted of one-fifth of war booty and one-fifth on mines and treasure trove
- Zakat: Religious duty where muslims gave 2.5% of annual savings to the needy; Firoz Shah Tughlaq collected zakat as tax with separate account
- Jizyah: Tax paid by non-Muslims; Firuz Shah Tughlaq collected jizya as a separate tax
Local Chieftains
- Local chieftains established rule in forested areas the Sultanate forces could not penetrate
- Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq sometimes temporarily controlled these areas
Chieftain Fortifications According to Ibn Battuta
- Chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, rocky places, and bamboo groves
- Bamboo had intertwined parts that even fire cannot affect
- Chieftains lived in forests that served as ramparts with water, cattle, and crops inside
- Subduing them required powerful armies to cut down the bamboos
Mongol Impact
- Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in 1219, leading to Delhi Sultanate incursions
- Mongol attacks on Delhi Sultanate increased during Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq's rule
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
- After the Tughluqs, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526
- Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and south India had independent rulers who established flourishing states
- New groups like the Afghans and Rajputs emerged
- Sher Shah Sur (1540–1545) defeated Mughal emperor Humayun, capturing Delhi and establishing his own dynasty
- Sur dynasty ruled for 15 years (1540-1555), it introduced efficient administration based off of Alauddin Khalji's
- Akbar (1556–1605) followed Sher Shah's administration model when consolidating the Mughal Empire
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