Dehydration and Fluid Balance
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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate amount of fluid that can be lost during a physical workout in hot weather?

  • 5 to 6 gallons
  • 1 to 2 gallons
  • 7 to 8 gallons
  • 2 to 4 gallons (correct)

    • What type of water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium?

  • Hard water (correct)
  • Mineral water
  • Distilled water
  • Soft water

    • What is a potential health concern related to soft water?

  • Lead poisoning
  • Dehydration
  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Cancer

    • What is added to public water to remove hazards?

    <p>Disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health concern related to chlorination?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water is exposed to various sources of contamination?

    <p>Surface water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of home water purification equipment?

    <p>To purify tap water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of ozone disinfection in bottled water?

    <p>Leaves no odor and flavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of iodine deficiency on an infant during pregnancy?

    <p>Extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>To transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iron in energy metabolism?

    <p>To help many enzymes involved in energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hepcidin?

    <p>To respond to elevated blood iron levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to iron when red blood cells die?

    <p>It is sent to the bone marrow for reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of iron storage?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive iodine intake?

    <p>Thyroid gland enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are red blood cells replaced?

    <p>Every 4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of calcium in the body is stored in bones and teeth?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcium in bone formation?

    <p>Forming hydroxyapatite crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in the body's fluids?

    <p>Regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mineral that forms when calcium and phosphorus combine?

    <p>Hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bone in terms of calcium regulation?

    <p>Both releasing and removing calcium from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fluoride in tooth formation?

    <p>Increasing the hardness of enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of teeth composed of?

    <p>Enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of calcium in muscle contraction?

    <p>It allows for muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for reduced iron absorption from the intestine?

    <p>Presence of phytates, tannins, and fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a heme form of iron?

    <p>Meat, fish, and poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate increase in iron content of spaghetti sauce when cooked in a black iron skillet?

    <p>87mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of iron deficiency if left untreated?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that decreases iron absorption?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of red blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia?

    <p>Smaller and paler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of iron deficiency?

    <p>Increased hemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if too much water is lost from the body and not replaced?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sign of dehydration?

    <p>Thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily fluid intake for men?

    <p>13 cups of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when too much plain water floods the body's fluids?

    <p>Water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do older adults need to drink regularly throughout the day?

    <p>To compensate for blunted thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body produce additional water?

    <p>From the breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if dehydration is left untreated?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses

    • Dehydration occurs when too much water is lost from the body and not replaced, threatening survival
    • The first sign of dehydration is thirst, followed by headaches, fatigue, confusion, and an elevated heart rate with a 1% loss of body weight as fluid
    • A 2% loss of body weight as fluid impairs physical functioning
    • Older adults with blunted thirst should drink regularly throughout the day, regardless of thirst
    • Water intoxication occurs when too much plain water floods the body's fluids, disturbing their normal composition, and immediate action is needed to reverse the effects

    How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?

    • Fluid needs vary widely among individuals and within the same person in various environmental conditions
    • The Institute of Medicine recommends 13 cups of fluid from beverages and drinking water for men and 9 cups for women
    • The remaining water need is met from consumed foods, and the body produces water from the breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients
    • Sweating increases water needs, with people losing 2-4 gallons of fluid in a day during physical workouts in hot weather

    Drinking Water: Types, Safety, and Sources

    • Hard water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium
    • Soft water has high sodium content and dissolves cadmium and lead from pipes, which may aggravate hypertension
    • Public water is treated with disinfectants, and its safety is ensured through testing and reporting
    • Chlorination of public water can cause cancer-related changes in human cells and cancer in laboratory animals

    Body Fluids and Minerals

    • Minerals form salts that dissolve in body fluids
    • When mineral salts dissolve in water, they separate into single, electrically charged particles called ions
    • Ions dissolved in water carry electrical current and are called electrolytes
    • Water follows salt, and cells regulate water movement by pumping minerals across their membranes
    • Water follows the minerals, ensuring proper bodily functions

    The Major Minerals

    • Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with 99% stored in bones and teeth
    • Calcium has two important roles: integral part of bone structure and serving as a bank that can release calcium to body fluids if blood calcium concentration drops
    • Calcium is essential for bone formation, and deficiencies can lead to cretinism in infants
    • Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, and deficiencies can cause cretinism and mental retardation
    • Iron is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, and deficiencies can lead to anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to cells

    Iron

    • Iron is essential for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism
    • Iron is needed for the production of new cells, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters
    • The liver packs iron sent from the bone marrow into new red blood cells
    • Red blood cells live for about 4 months, and when they die, the spleen and liver break them down, and iron is sent to the bone marrow to be reused
    • Iron is lost in nails, hair trimmings, shed skin cells, and digestive tract
    • Hepcidin is a hormone that reduces iron absorption from the intestine and release from storage in response to elevated blood iron

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    Description

    Learn about the signs and symptoms of dehydration, its effects on the body, and the importance of fluid balance, especially for older adults.

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