39 Questions
What is the approximate amount of fluid that can be lost during a physical workout in hot weather?
2 to 4 gallons
What type of water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium?
Hard water
What is a potential health concern related to soft water?
Hypertension
What is added to public water to remove hazards?
Disinfectants
What is a potential health concern related to chlorination?
Cancer
What type of water is exposed to various sources of contamination?
Surface water
What is the purpose of home water purification equipment?
To purify tap water
What is the benefit of ozone disinfection in bottled water?
Leaves no odor and flavor
What is the effect of iodine deficiency on an infant during pregnancy?
Extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation
What is the primary function of hemoglobin and myoglobin?
To transport oxygen
What is the role of iron in energy metabolism?
To help many enzymes involved in energy metabolism
What is the function of hepcidin?
To respond to elevated blood iron levels
What happens to iron when red blood cells die?
It is sent to the bone marrow for reuse
What is the primary site of iron storage?
Bone marrow
What is the consequence of excessive iodine intake?
Thyroid gland enlargement
How often are red blood cells replaced?
Every 4 months
What percentage of calcium in the body is stored in bones and teeth?
99%
What is the primary function of calcium in bone formation?
Forming hydroxyapatite crystals
What is the role of calcium in the body's fluids?
Regulating the transport of ions across cell membranes
What is the name of the mineral that forms when calcium and phosphorus combine?
Hydroxyapatite
What is the function of the bone in terms of calcium regulation?
Both releasing and removing calcium from the blood
What is the role of fluoride in tooth formation?
Increasing the hardness of enamel
What is the outer layer of teeth composed of?
Enamel
What is the importance of calcium in muscle contraction?
It allows for muscle contraction
What is the primary reason for reduced iron absorption from the intestine?
Presence of phytates, tannins, and fiber
Which of the following is an example of a heme form of iron?
Meat, fish, and poultry
What is the approximate increase in iron content of spaghetti sauce when cooked in a black iron skillet?
87mg
What is the consequence of iron deficiency if left untreated?
Iron deficiency anemia
Which of the following is NOT a factor that decreases iron absorption?
Vitamin C
What is the term for the depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin?
Iron deficiency anemia
What is the characteristic of red blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia?
Smaller and paler
Which of the following is NOT a result of iron deficiency?
Increased hemoglobin levels
What can occur if too much water is lost from the body and not replaced?
Dehydration
What is the primary sign of dehydration?
Thirst
What is the recommended daily fluid intake for men?
13 cups of fluid
What happens when too much plain water floods the body's fluids?
Water intoxication
Why do older adults need to drink regularly throughout the day?
To compensate for blunted thirst
How does the body produce additional water?
From the breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients
What can occur if dehydration is left untreated?
Death
Study Notes
Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses
- Dehydration occurs when too much water is lost from the body and not replaced, threatening survival
- The first sign of dehydration is thirst, followed by headaches, fatigue, confusion, and an elevated heart rate with a 1% loss of body weight as fluid
- A 2% loss of body weight as fluid impairs physical functioning
- Older adults with blunted thirst should drink regularly throughout the day, regardless of thirst
- Water intoxication occurs when too much plain water floods the body's fluids, disturbing their normal composition, and immediate action is needed to reverse the effects
How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?
- Fluid needs vary widely among individuals and within the same person in various environmental conditions
- The Institute of Medicine recommends 13 cups of fluid from beverages and drinking water for men and 9 cups for women
- The remaining water need is met from consumed foods, and the body produces water from the breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients
- Sweating increases water needs, with people losing 2-4 gallons of fluid in a day during physical workouts in hot weather
Drinking Water: Types, Safety, and Sources
- Hard water has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium
- Soft water has high sodium content and dissolves cadmium and lead from pipes, which may aggravate hypertension
- Public water is treated with disinfectants, and its safety is ensured through testing and reporting
- Chlorination of public water can cause cancer-related changes in human cells and cancer in laboratory animals
Body Fluids and Minerals
- Minerals form salts that dissolve in body fluids
- When mineral salts dissolve in water, they separate into single, electrically charged particles called ions
- Ions dissolved in water carry electrical current and are called electrolytes
- Water follows salt, and cells regulate water movement by pumping minerals across their membranes
- Water follows the minerals, ensuring proper bodily functions
The Major Minerals
- Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with 99% stored in bones and teeth
- Calcium has two important roles: integral part of bone structure and serving as a bank that can release calcium to body fluids if blood calcium concentration drops
- Calcium is essential for bone formation, and deficiencies can lead to cretinism in infants
- Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, and deficiencies can cause cretinism and mental retardation
- Iron is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, and deficiencies can lead to anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to cells
Iron
- Iron is essential for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism
- Iron is needed for the production of new cells, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters
- The liver packs iron sent from the bone marrow into new red blood cells
- Red blood cells live for about 4 months, and when they die, the spleen and liver break them down, and iron is sent to the bone marrow to be reused
- Iron is lost in nails, hair trimmings, shed skin cells, and digestive tract
- Hepcidin is a hormone that reduces iron absorption from the intestine and release from storage in response to elevated blood iron
Learn about the signs and symptoms of dehydration, its effects on the body, and the importance of fluid balance, especially for older adults.
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