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Questions and Answers
Which type of coal is known for its high percentage of fixed carbon and low percentage of volatile matter?
What percentage of the world's petroleum reserve is held by OPEC?
Which of the following is NOT considered a renewable energy source?
Which type of coal is also referred to as 'brown coal'?
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What is a major environmental problem associated with non-renewable energy sources?
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Which of the following is the lowest grade of coal?
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What type of energy is derived from the natural movement of water?
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Which of the following options refers to non-fossil fuel sources of energy?
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What is the primary component of natural gas?
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Which of the following is a component of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)?
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What process is used to purify and refine petroleum?
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Which nuclear reaction involves the joining of small nuclei?
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What is a disadvantage of nuclear energy?
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What characterizes synthetic natural gas (SNG)?
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What is one key advantage of nuclear fuel?
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Which petroleum product is primarily used as a cleaner fuel compared to coal?
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Which of the following are types of biofuels?
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What is a significant advantage of energy recovery from waste?
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Which of the following statements is a disadvantage of energy recovery?
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What components primarily make up Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)?
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Which is NOT an advantage of using biomass for energy?
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What is one of the primary environmental impacts of deforestation?
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Which of the following best describes reforestation?
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What is one effective method to control deforestation?
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Which of the following is NOT a socio-economic problem associated with deforestation?
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Afforestation is primarily aimed at:
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How does deforestation contribute to global warming?
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Which of the following practices can help promote forest conservation?
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What effect does deforestation have on the hydrological cycle?
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What is a significant environmental disadvantage of using geothermal energy?
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Which energy source is primarily reliant on temperature differences in ocean water?
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Which of the following is an advantage of ocean-thermal energy?
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What is a major disadvantage of using biomass energy?
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Which characteristic of geothermal energy makes it a reliable energy source?
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What is one of the main challenges associated with ocean-thermal energy systems?
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In biomass energy, which of the following is considered an energy crop?
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What is one environmental concern related to the construction of ocean-thermal energy systems?
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Study Notes
Over-exploitation of Forests (Deforestation)
- Threatens wildlife species, leading to potential extinction.
- Causes loss of biodiversity, disrupting ecosystems.
- Affects the hydrological cycle, resulting in altered water patterns.
- Increases soil erosion and loss of soil fertility.
- Leads to siltation in rivers and lakes, degrading water quality.
- Heightens risk of landslides due to destabilized soil.
- Contributes to global warming through carbon release.
- Increases flood risks due to decreased vegetation.
- Results in loss of revenue from timber and ecosystem services.
- Creates socio-economic problems, including forced relocation and cultural threats.
Control Measures for Deforestation
- Prohibition of mining activities in protected forests to safeguard ecosystems.
- Implement massive tree plantation initiatives following tree cutting.
- Strict adherence to environmental laws and legal provisions.
- Promote social forestry, agro-forestry, and recreational forestry as sustainable practices.
- Foster public awareness and encourage participation in forest conservation efforts.
Reforestation and Afforestation
- Reforestation: Restoring forest cover in deforested areas through natural or artificial means.
- Afforestation: Establishing new forests in areas previously devoid of tree cover.
Energy Resources Overview
- Energy defined as the capacity to do work.
- The Sun is a primary source of energy.
Renewable vs. Non-renewable Energy Sources
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Non-renewable sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy.
- Coal types include:
- Anthracite: Hard, high carbon content.
- Bituminous: Commonly used for electricity; has layers.
- Subbituminous: Dull, higher heating value than lignite.
- Lignite: Lowest grade, brown coal.
- Environmental issues: Leakage causes water pollution; accidental fires contribute to air pollution.
- Coal types include:
-
Renewable sources include solar, wind, hydro, tidal, ocean thermal, geothermal, biomass, biogas, biofuels, and hydrogen.
Petroleum
- OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, comprising 13 countries with 67% of global reserves.
- Petroleum is a complex alkane hydrocarbon mixture, cleaner than coal.
- Common products include petroleum gas, kerosene, petrol, diesel, and plastics.
Natural Gas
- The cleanest fossil fuel, primarily composed of methane.
- High calorific value, used increasingly as an alternative fuel (CNG).
- Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) is produced from low-grade coal.
Nuclear Energy
- Types of nuclear reactions:
- Fission: Splitting of large nuclei.
- Fusion: Joining of small nuclei.
- Key elements: Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium.
- Advantages include low fuel costs and continuous energy production; disadvantages involve nuclear accidents and waste management.
Geothermal Energy
- Harvested from the Earth’s hot rocks, utilizing natural geysers or drilled holes.
- Advantages: No emissions, reliable, low operating costs; disadvantages involve potential emissions and high investment requirements.
Ocean-Thermal Energy
- Based on temperature differences in ocean water layers.
- Requires a minimum temperature difference of 20°C.
- Continuous energy source with minimal seasonal variation, yet entails high costs and potential ecological impacts.
Biomass Energy
- Major sources include wood and energy crops (e.g., Jatropha, Sunflower) used for biofuels.
- Types of biofuels include biodiesel, biogas, bio-ethanol, and bio-methanol.
Energy Recovery
- Involves burning waste for energy, leading to reduced reliance on coal and reduced pollution.
- Benefits include improved air quality and reduced landfill needs; however, may release toxic substances and produce residual ash.
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
- Composed mainly of combustible waste components like plastics and cardboard, processed to create a substitute fuel for fossil fuels.
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Description
Explore the significant impacts of deforestation in this quiz. From threats to wildlife and biodiversity loss to the socio-economic ramifications, this quiz covers various consequences of over-exploitation of forests. Test your knowledge on the hydrological cycle, soil erosion, and global warming.
