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What is the term for the process through which cultures communicate gender expectations to children and adolescents?
What is the term for the process through which cultures communicate gender expectations to children and adolescents?
At what age do children typically develop an understanding of themselves as being either male or female?
At what age do children typically develop an understanding of themselves as being either male or female?
Which of the following best describes a 'schema'?
Which of the following best describes a 'schema'?
According to gender schema theory, which aspect is considered one of the fundamental ways people organize information?
According to gender schema theory, which aspect is considered one of the fundamental ways people organize information?
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What is self-socialization in the context of gender?
What is self-socialization in the context of gender?
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How does gender schema influence individuals?
How does gender schema influence individuals?
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Which of the following examples reflects a traditional gender schema?
Which of the following examples reflects a traditional gender schema?
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Which of the following is not a source of gender socialization?
Which of the following is not a source of gender socialization?
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What are the three capacities an adolescent boy must demonstrate to be considered a man in most cultures?
What are the three capacities an adolescent boy must demonstrate to be considered a man in most cultures?
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What does Anthony Rotundo refer to as 'communal manhood'?
What does Anthony Rotundo refer to as 'communal manhood'?
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Which of the following best describes 'self-made manhood'?
Which of the following best describes 'self-made manhood'?
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What character trait was increasingly emphasized for young men during the transition to self-made manhood?
What character trait was increasingly emphasized for young men during the transition to self-made manhood?
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What are the main virtues associated with 'passionate manhood'?
What are the main virtues associated with 'passionate manhood'?
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Which emotions became favored as part of the manhood ideal in the 20th century?
Which emotions became favored as part of the manhood ideal in the 20th century?
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What was a significant change in the expectations of adolescent boys from communal manhood to self-made manhood?
What was a significant change in the expectations of adolescent boys from communal manhood to self-made manhood?
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How did the view of virtue in manhood shift from the 19th century to the 20th century?
How did the view of virtue in manhood shift from the 19th century to the 20th century?
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How do children typically categorize toys based on gender identity?
How do children typically categorize toys based on gender identity?
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What does androgyny refer to in personality traits?
What does androgyny refer to in personality traits?
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How is androgyny related to self-image in adolescents?
How is androgyny related to self-image in adolescents?
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Which traits are generally associated with femininity?
Which traits are generally associated with femininity?
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How are ambitious and independent traits perceived for females compared to the past?
How are ambitious and independent traits perceived for females compared to the past?
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What expectations do adolescents have regarding gender roles?
What expectations do adolescents have regarding gender roles?
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Which of the following statements about masculine traits is true?
Which of the following statements about masculine traits is true?
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Which of the following best describes expressive traits?
Which of the following best describes expressive traits?
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What does the term 'sex' refer to in the context of gender differences?
What does the term 'sex' refer to in the context of gender differences?
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According to the gender intensification hypothesis, what leads to increased psychological and behavioral differences between genders during adolescence?
According to the gender intensification hypothesis, what leads to increased psychological and behavioral differences between genders during adolescence?
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Which of the following describes instrumental traits typically associated with masculinity?
Which of the following describes instrumental traits typically associated with masculinity?
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What is a key aspect of cognitive development theory of gender as proposed by Kohlberg?
What is a key aspect of cognitive development theory of gender as proposed by Kohlberg?
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What unique risks are more likely to affect transgender youth compared to their peers?
What unique risks are more likely to affect transgender youth compared to their peers?
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What belief do Hill and Lynch hold regarding the reason for increased gender differences during adolescence?
What belief do Hill and Lynch hold regarding the reason for increased gender differences during adolescence?
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Which statement accurately reflects common misconceptions about gender identity?
Which statement accurately reflects common misconceptions about gender identity?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typically associated with masculinity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typically associated with masculinity?
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How has globalization affected gender roles in developing countries?
How has globalization affected gender roles in developing countries?
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What was a characteristic of adolescent girls' roles in 18th and 19th century American society?
What was a characteristic of adolescent girls' roles in 18th and 19th century American society?
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What role did voluntary organizations play for adolescent girls in the past?
What role did voluntary organizations play for adolescent girls in the past?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'communal manhood' in American history?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'communal manhood' in American history?
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In what era did the concept of 'self-made manhood' emerge according to historian Anthony Rotundo?
In what era did the concept of 'self-made manhood' emerge according to historian Anthony Rotundo?
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What change in male values occurred in the 20th century in America?
What change in male values occurred in the 20th century in America?
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How did perceptions of girls’ capabilities differ in the 18th and 19th centuries compared to today?
How did perceptions of girls’ capabilities differ in the 18th and 19th centuries compared to today?
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What was the focus of the mentoring provided by older women to adolescent girls historically?
What was the focus of the mentoring provided by older women to adolescent girls historically?
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Study Notes
Defining Manhood
- To be considered a man in most cultures, a boy must demonstrate three capacities: provide, protect, and procreate.
Communal Manhood (17th & 18th Century Colonial America)
- Emphasized preparing for adult male roles in work and marriage.
- Community and family responsibilities were prioritized over individual achievement and economic success.
- Focused on preparing adolescent boys to be "heads of household" as providers and protectors of wives and children.
Self-Made Manhood (19th Century America)
- Emphasized independence from families in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
- Young men moved to cities to pursue opportunities, often leaving family ties behind.
- While providing and protecting remained important, individualistic character qualities like self-control and strong will for independent decision-making were also valued.
Passionate Manhood (20th Century America)
- Shifted focus from self-control and self-denial to self-expression and self-enjoyment.
- Passionate emotions such as anger and sexual desire were seen more favorably as part of the manhood ideal.
Gender Socialization
- Cultures communicate gender expectations to children and adolescents through various sources like families, peers, schools, and media.
- Children actively seek to maintain consistency between their understanding of gender norms and their behavior, leading to self-socialization.
Gender Schema Theory
- Views gender as a fundamental way of organizing information about the world.
- Children develop gender schemas by classifying activities, objects, and personality traits as "female" or "male".
- These schemas influence our interpretation of others' behavior and expectations of them.
Gender Identity
- Children develop an understanding of themselves as male or female around age 3.
- This gender identity influences how they organize information about the world.
- Gender identity affects categorization of toys, behaviors, and social roles.
Androgyny
- Combines "masculine" and "feminine" personality traits.
- Promotes transcending traditional gender roles and embracing the best qualities of both.
- Research suggests androgyny is more positively associated with self-image for girls than boys.
Expressive Traits
- Associated with femininity: gentle, yielding, emphasizing emotions and relationships.
- Nurturing (sympathetic, compassionate, gentle) and compliant (yielding, soft-spoken, childlike) traits are considered expressive.
Instrumental Traits
- Associated with masculinity: self-reliant, forceful, emphasizing action and accomplishment.
- Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient, individualistic) and aggressive (assertive, forceful, dominant) traits are considered instrumental.
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
- Suggests that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in adolescence due to intensified pressure to conform to gender roles.
Cognitive Development Theory Of Gender
- Based on Piaget's ideas about cognitive development, this theory asserts that gender plays a fundamental role in organizing information about the world.
Transgender Identities
- People who identify with a gender different from their biological sex.
- Research on transgender identities focuses on the challenges and risks associated with being transgender.
Gender Roles in Developing Countries
- Globalization has impacted gender roles in developing countries, but girls still have less educational and occupational opportunities compared to boys and girls in Westernized societies.
- Traditional gender roles may shift as developing countries industrialize, reducing the economic value of physical strength associated with men.
Gender Expectations for Girls in American History
- 18th and 19th-century American adolescent girls faced narrow restrictions in terms of occupation, cultural perceptions of fragility and innocence, and sexual expression.
- However, they benefited from the support of voluntary organizations where adult women mentored them, fostering character development, self-control, and community service.
Shifting Values of Self-Control and Self-Expression in Men
- Communal Manhood (17th & 18th centuries): Emphasized self-control.
- Self-Made Manhood (19th century): Valued both self-control and self-expression.
- Passionate Manhood (20th century): Emphasized self-expression.
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Description
Explore the evolving definitions of manhood from the communal responsibilities of the 17th and 18th centuries to the self-expressive ideals of the 20th century. This quiz delves into how cultural and societal changes influenced the roles and expectations of men. Test your knowledge on the transition from communal to passionate manhood.
