RPH Midterms

• The lesson concerns the definition, methods, and sources of history, contrasting primary and secondary accounts, and touching on the importance of critical analysis of sources.
• Also discusses Magellan's voyage around the world, and some customs of the Tagalogs

History and Sources

• "Historia," a Greek word meaning "learning," once meant any form of learning.
• It has evolved to mean things connected to human affairs, specifically following a chronological order.
• Kasaysayan is the study of things with "saysay" or significance, aiming to present Philippine history.
• This involves studying beliefs, desires, practices, and institutions.

Historical Method

• Records and survivals must be critically examined and analyzed.

Historiography

• The writing of history involves imaginatively reconstructing the past using data from historical methods.

Sources of History: Archeological, Official, and Personal

• Archeological, Epigraphical, and Numismatical sources found in museums provide insight.
• Official records from archives, courthouses, and government libraries are also crucial.
• Historical information can also be found in papers from business houses, the muniment rooms of ancient castles, priced possessions of autograph collectors, and records of parish churches.

Primary Sources

• Materials directly involved in the event, participants, or eyewitnesses.
• Primary sources include eyewitness accounts, diaries, legal and official documents, and photographs.
• Examples include photographs, old sketches and drawings, old maps (e.g., Velarde-Murillo map), cartoons for propaganda, prehistoric material evidence, statistical tables/graphs, oral history/recordings, and written/eyewitness accounts.

Secondary Sources

• The testimony of someone who isn't an eyewitness, and wasn't present at the event.
• Secondary sources offer interpretations of primary sources, such as those found in books, articles, and scholarly journals.
• They are significant because they lead to primary sources

External and Internal Criticism

• External criticisms address problems of authenticity and checking the validity/originality for reconstruction by looking at the physical attributes.
• Internal criticisms verify information by comparing it with existing evidence and considering the author's character, knowledge, and influences through counter-checking sources.

Questionable History

• The Kalantiaw Code, a list of laws and policies published by Jose Marco, was taught for 30–60 years but was disproven by William Henry Scott who called it a hoax.

Magellan's Voyage Around the World

• Magellan planned to reach the East by sailing west to circumnavigate the globe, though Portugal initially refused to finance.

Tordesillas Treaty Defines Spheres of Influence

• Divided the world between Spain (West) and Portugal (East).

Magellan-Elcano Expedition

• August 20, 1519, expedition with 270 men aboard 5 ships: Trinidad, Victoria, San Antonio, Concepcion, and Santiago.
• The expedition aimed to find a maritime path to the Spice Islands without violating the treaty.
• September 7, 1522, Elcano and 17 survivors arrived back in Victoria.
• Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian historian, documented the voyage around the world. His detailed account has become the most comprehensive narration of that voyage.
• Food shortage was the main problem after a ship was destroyed by a typhoon.
• One ship was hijacked and another was set on fire.
• Enrique de Malacca was Magellan's interpreter from the Spice Island.
• Magellan's records included maps, glossaries of native words, and geographic details of flora and fauna.
• The expedition arrived at the Island of Zamal on March 16, 1521, 360 leagues from Latroni.
• On March 18, a boat with nine men came to them. Magellan traded things and foods with the chief of the boat.
• They received cocoanuts that produce wine, milk, oil, and vinegar. The boatmen were from Zuluan.
• They found two first springs at Humunu (Homonhon).
• On March 22nd, natives from Zuluan returned to Magellan. They encountered gold, and many islands.
• The Archipelago of San Lazaro was discovered on Sabbath. The natives wore gold jewellery and embroidered clothing.
• The interpreter asked the Raja Colambu of Mazaua or Limasawa for any food he had. He gave them 3 porcelain jars of rice and orade.

Encounters on the Islands

• Magellan gave a red and yellow cloth and a red cap to the king, and also knives and mirrors to the king's men.
• Raja Siaui had long black hair, silk on his head, golden earrings, and gold on every tooth.
• On Easter Sunday, Magellan sprinkled musk water on the kings.
• He asked them to set the cross on the summit of the mountain to protect them from storms. They believed Abba was the god.
• At the summit, they wanted to get food in Ceylon (Leyte), Zubu (Cebu), and Calaghann (Calagan).
• As they sailed northwest, after 7 days, they found Canighan, Ceylon. Bohol, Baybay, and Gatighan.
• Waited for Colambu near Polo, Ticobon, and Pozon. Went to Zubu.
• The first ones they payed tribute to were: Raja Humabon. "Kata raia chita" - good=good, evil=worse.
• The king wanted a blood compact - drop of blood from the right arm

Religion on the Islands

• Consecrated the place and set up a cross when buried.
• Laghan or shellfish that swallows them and they come out of their shells.
• Traded on Friday and promised to become christian on Saturday.
• The King was baptized as christian, along with 500 others.
• Built a cross in their place and burn their idols.
• Queen asked for the image of child Jesus.
• King of Zubu = Don Carlo, Queen = Johanna

Death of Magellan

• The sick man was baptized as well.
• He was given oil of roses, and sweet preserves.
• Villages: Cinghapola and its chiefs (Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha, Cimatichat, Cicanbul).
• The chiefs of Matan (Mactan) were (Zula and Cilapulapu).
• Zula sent 2 goats and other requests to Magellan.
• Magellan sent 3 boatloads even though he was asked for one.
• On April 27th, 49 men leap into the water, with 11 guarding the boats.
• They burned 20 to 30 houses.
• The captain was wounded and fell face downward, and killed with iron.
• 8 of his men were killed, and 15 of the natives were also killed.

Customs of the Tagalogs

• Filipinos were appointed as gobernadorcillos by the Spanish friars/ They were the most knowledgeable and influential figures in the pueblo.

Historical Texts

• Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs) by Fray Juan de Plasencia.
• Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Miguel de Loarca.
• Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas by Antonio de la Morga.
• Fray Juan de Plasencia, assigned with Fray Diego de Oropesa, in southern Tagalog. He worked on towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan.Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala.

Political, Social, and Economic Characteristics

• Customs of the Tagalogs in 1589. They cover the political, social, economic, and cultural characteristics of Filipinos.
• There was way of life of Filipinos during Spanish influence.

Chiefs

• Chiefs ruled over 30 to hundred houses called barangay.
• This would involve family with parents, children, relations and slaves.
• There are 3 castes, or levels of society

Castes

• Maharlica - freeborn/nobles that do not pay tax/tribute
• Aliping namamahay - commoners that cannot be made slaves
• Alipin sa guiguilir - slaves that serve their master in their house

Marriages

• There are several rules based on the level of society in relations to marriage, and children.
• If a man married a woman from another village, the children were divided betweentween 2 barangays.

Dowries

• Groom and Bride were to give different things to each sides parents
• There were dowry rules, that if the couple divorced, the dowry was returned
• If the couple divorced had children, the dowery went to the grandparents

Worships

• Simbahan - temple/place of adoration. Festival called "pandot” (worship).
• It has sibi or temporary sheds where they put sorihile or small lamps.
• Entire barangay join in nag-aanitos (worship/rituals).

Gods

• Bathala All things
• Sun / Moon / Stars
• The Pleiades Seven little goats
• Mapolon - change of seasons
• Balatic - greater bear
• Lic-ha - images with different shapes
• Tigmamanuguin - bird that sings and symbolizes either bad or good omen

Idol Priests

• Catolonan - “babaylan", both masculine and feminine.
• Mangagauay - witches who deceive.
• Manyisalat - applying remedies to lovers.

Evil People / Ghosts

• Mancocolam - emit fire from himself at night
• Hocloban - can kill anyone just by saluting or raising the hand
• Silagan - anyone clothed in white, they tear the liver and eat it
• Pangatahojan - “soothsayer" who predicts the future
• Maca - "paradise" or "village of rest", Bathala governed the paradise
• Casanaan - "place of anguish", Sitan are demons
• Tigbalaang or phantoms
• Patianac is a woman who died in childbirth

The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino people

• The first phase of revolution ended in a stalemate

Pact of Biak na Bato

• Conditions were made in exchange for peace and payment of fine
• Exile of Aguinaldo / Surrender the weapons / Susuko sa Spain ang mga naiwang rebolusyonaryo
• Spanish failed because lack of trust

Spanish American War

• Was ginawang battlefield ang PH
• Since Spain was superpower in the old world, and US was emerging, there was already a war
• The US wanted Cuba
• During the spanish, Aguinaldo was meeting with them in Singapore
• Aguinaldo asked help from them
• Aguinaldo bought an arm but got scammed so he decided to downpay again after

The Philippine Revolution

• Aguinaldo left Hongkong to McCulloch
• On May 24 declared independece. Even though they were busy w the spanish american war

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Born: Kawit Cavite
• Mom: Carlos / Dad: Trinidad Famy
• Assisted in bussiness
• A katipunan as MAGDALO
• Tejeros convetion on

Tejeros Convention

• President: Emilio
• Vice President: Mariano
• Capitan General: Artemio
• Director of war: Elimao
• Director on the interion: Andres
• Content on June 12, 1898 Cavite viejo procince of cavite
• ambrosio was war counselor & nagulat ng dceclaration of philppine independence
• created dictatiorial government
• started revolutoin to regain independence

Back Story of Phillipines before Indpeendence

• arbitrary arrest and abuse from civil guards
• Deporation of Filpinos
• People fled for trying to get rid of abuses for trying to escape
• Taking Cebu by force
• Migule = entering bohol with blood

Bi ak na Bato 1897

• Proposed by Don Pedro
• Agreed with DOn emilio
• General don fernando primo

Filpinos in Charge

• Volunteering for exile
• Us bombarding cavita
• Many spanish men surrendered
• Only 2 towns were still not surrendered / bataan / pampanga

Alligiince with USA

• The protection
• regulate commerce

Result of revolts

• Power given to emilio

Phillpiine Flag meaning

• white trigangle - Katipunan
• 3 stars - 3 island Luzon Mindanao Panay
• Sun - progress and civilzation
• 8 ways -provinces of revolts
• Blue red and white used for protection purposes from the states

Speech of pres corazon Aquiono before the joint session of the united states congest

• The event was at washington DC
• Ninoy death
• marco regime was downfall
• elections
• aquinos death
• Aquaino was elected

Before Administration

• Left America in memory of her husband
• That her husband would be pleasing scrarifice

Ninyo

• Suspdned and shut down congress
• detained
• locked up in tiny shell
• put on trial
• was not put on trial 2 Aquiono was accused
• Was assassinated
• Was a dictator called a nobody

Maccies

• Must be proected 1984 Aquiono participated Drafted be the people to challenge diitarship
• Televisions and newspaper Described vitory of aquion

Alllegiance

• May be nesscary before mercy

Dollar debt / poverty

• 1-2 people excorted

• 2 m May be nessary before mercy

• debt

• 1-2 people excorted

• 2 m

• 1-2 people excorted

• 2 m

• 1-2 people excorted

• 2 m