Preventive Medicine: Preventive Medicine 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe any response of an organism to demands, whether biologic, psychological, or mental?

  • Adaptation
  • Stress (correct)
  • Well-being
  • Eustress

    • What is the term used to describe helpful stress?

  • Distress
  • Adaptation
  • Eustress (correct)
  • Well-being

    • What is the outcome of constant, major adaptation to environmental stressors?

  • Improved health
  • A state of complete well-being
  • Increased eustress
  • A serious toll on the body, particularly on the lungs and the neural, neuroendocrine, and immune systems (correct)

    • What is a necessary component of good health?

    <p>The presence of eustress in forms such as exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the view of health according to the World Health Organization's definition?

    <p>A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an individual's successful adaptation to environmental stressors?

    <p>Good health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of a disease called when no symptoms are apparent, but the disease-producing process is underway?

    <p>Latent stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of screening programs in the latent stage of a disease?

    <p>To detect the disease before symptoms appear and provide effective treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural history of a disease?

    <p>The normal course of the disease in the absence of intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studies of prevention and treatment?

    <p>To determine the effectiveness of a particular preventive or treatment measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of describing survival estimates in terms of quality of life?

    <p>It communicates a fuller picture than survival rates alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for myocardial infarction?

    <p>Elevated serum lipid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the weighting factor in QALY?

    <p>To adjust for the impact of illness on quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can intensive changes in diet, exercise, and behavior do to atherosclerosis?

    <p>Stop its progression or partially reverse it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary prevention?

    <p>To keep the disease process from becoming established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the healthy life expectancy index?

    <p>Years of life remaining that are expected to be free of serious disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general well-being adjustment scale?

    <p>An index that measures anxiety, depression, and general health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the functional indices?

    <p>To measure the ability to perform daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of a disease called when clinical manifestations are apparent?

    <p>Symptomatic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of treatment in a disease?

    <p>To delay or prevent clinical manifestations or complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural history of disease?

    <p>A process with three stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predisease stage of the natural history of disease?

    <p>The stage where the individual has various factors that promote or resist disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors that influence the natural history of disease?

    <p>Genetic makeup, demographic characteristics, environmental exposures, nutritional history, social environment, and behavioral patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ongoing level of demand for adaptation to stressors in an individual?

    <p>Allostatic load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that contributes to health and well-being?

    <p>Appropriate nutrition and lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of healthcare investigators and practitioners regarding aging?

    <p>For people to age in a healthy manner, with minimal disability until shortly before death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge of measuring the quality of life?

    <p>It is a subjective measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a health index summarize?

    <p>A person's health as a single score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of health indices and profiles?

    <p>To guide clinical practice and research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjusting life expectancy in health status indices?

    <p>To adjust for morbidity and quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using health status indices in clinical practice?

    <p>It allows clinicians to consider treatment side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health care investigators and practitioners?

    <p>Improving and measuring the health-related quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of secondary prevention?

    <p>To detect latent disease through screening programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of preventive medicine?

    <p>To promote health and prevent diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of disability limitation?

    <p>Removing a tumor to prevent local disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a health intervention during the predisease stage?

    <p>To modify risk factors in a favorable direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of tertiary prevention?

    <p>Limiting the physical and social consequences of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of rehabilitation?

    <p>To mitigate the effects of disease and prevent social and functional disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a specific protection measure?

    <p>Using ear-protecting devices in loud environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge faced by prevention programs?

    <p>Long delays before benefits are seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of prevention is applicable when controlling cholesterol levels in an otherwise healthy person?

    <p>It depends on whether hypercholesterolemia is considered a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of health-promoting activities?

    <p>Contributing to the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of various diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is health, according to the concept?

    <p>The ability to adapt to stress and function in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of fluoridation of water supplies?

    <p>It helps to prevent dental caries and promotes stronger bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may dietary modification be difficult?

    <p>Because healthy foods are not available in local stores at a reasonable cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of disease is tertiary prevention focused?

    <p>Symptomatic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of secondary prevention?

    <p>To detect and treat diseases in the presymptomatic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of tertiary prevention?

    <p>To halt or slow the disease process and prevent complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of specialty training in preventive medicine?

    <p>To demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of tertiary prevention?

    <p>To limit the physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is exercise more difficult in certain environments?

    <p>Because of automobile traffic or social violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a health promotion technique?

    <p>Encouraging healthy habits to prevent disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific protection targeted at?

    <p>A specific disease or type of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the stage of disease where it becomes detectable by medical tests?

    <p>Latent stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a health-promoting activity?

    <p>Changing to a diet low in saturated and trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of rehabilitation for patients with late symptomatic disease?

    <p>It enables patients to avoid adverse sequelae associated with disease and gain skills for gainful employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to employ in addition to general health-promoting changes?

    <p>Specific protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of primary prevention?

    <p>To keep the pathologic process and disease from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences behavioral intentions?

    <p>Attitudes and subjective norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the precaution adoption process model?

    <p>To provide guidance on how to impact people in stages before they make decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory asserts that people learn not only from their own experiences but also from observing others?

    <p>Social Learning Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of ethanol for women?

    <p>15 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Five 'A's Model for Facilitating Smoking Cessation?

    <p>To ask about tobacco use during every office visit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health-promoting diet is designed to prevent multiple diseases by enhancing health?

    <p>One health-promoting diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the theory of planned behavior?

    <p>The role of attitudes and subjective norms in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the precaution adoption process model?

    <p>To provide guidance on how to impact people in stages before they make decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health-promoting activities?

    <p>To promote health and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three fundamental sources of health?

    <p>Adequate healthy food, a clean and safe environment, and prudent behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of health once people have access to basic necessities like nutrition, clean water, and a safe environment?

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the healthcare system, according to the text?

    <p>Treating disease and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health promotion according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can hinder health promotion efforts, according to the text?

    <p>Wartime conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why clinicians may not counsel patients regarding behavioral changes?

    <p>They are not comfortable influencing patient choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can natural disasters, such as tsunamis, create that hinder quick and effective responses?

    <p>Damaged roads and transportation systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the primary causes of death in the United States and most other countries?

    <p>Modifiable lifestyle behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for individuals and families to have a safe environment?

    <p>Income sufficient to allow for adequate nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do societal sources of health include, according to the text?

    <p>Socioeconomic conditions, opportunities for safe employment, environmental systems, and regulation of the environment, commerce, and public safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of general health promotion?

    <p>To address the underpinnings of general health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using educational background as a measure of socioeconomic status?

    <p>It is easier to determine than income level or poverty status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can society help to sustain?

    <p>Social support systems, such as families and neighborhoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can hinder international relief efforts, according to the text?

    <p>Wartime conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of specific health protection activities?

    <p>Preventing specific diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the window of opportunity for counseling patients after the development of symptomatic disease?

    <p>Teachable moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that contributes to socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes?

    <p>Unhealthy lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of health promotion efforts?

    <p>To improve health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding theories of behavior change in health counseling?

    <p>To develop effective interventions and techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Health Belief Model, what is necessary for people to seek preventive measures?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Transtheoretical Model?

    <p>The process of changing behavior in stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

    <p>To explore how people form intentions for behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a theory that supports changing group norms and helping communities identify and address health problems?

    <p>Other theories that support community-based approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of intervening in accordance with a valid theory of behavior change?

    <p>It has a higher chance of success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy in health behavior?

    <p>A person's perception of their ability to influence their life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common assumption of most health behavior theories?

    <p>Behavior is affected by what people know and how they think</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding health behavior theories in counseling?

    <p>To target interventions and choose techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should physicians do to help patients quit smoking?

    <p>Advise all smokers to quit, assess their willingness, and provide personalized support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can physicians assess a patient's willingness to quit smoking?

    <p>By asking how motivated they are to quit on a scale of 0 to 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should physicians provide counseling to patients with risk factors for significant diseases?

    <p>Because it can have a profound impact on patients' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the primary goal of physicians when helping patients quit smoking?

    <p>To help patients make a quit plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should physicians arrange follow-up contact with patients who are trying to quit smoking?

    <p>To provide ongoing support and encouragement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should physicians consider when deciding whether to prescribe medication for smoking cessation?

    <p>The patient's level of motivation and potential contraindications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should physicians provide personalized support to patients who are trying to quit smoking?

    <p>Because it helps patients identify their motivations and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should physicians do during a follow-up visit with patients who are trying to quit smoking?

    <p>Congratulate patients who have quit and review circumstances with those who have relapsed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should physicians consider the patient's core values when helping them quit smoking?

    <p>Because it helps patients identify their motivations and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of behavioral counseling for patients who are trying to quit smoking?

    <p>It can have a profound impact on patients' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of patient adherence to a clinician's counseling?

    <p>A functioning physician-patient relationship and skilled physician communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of motivational interviewing?

    <p>To motivate patients to change their behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the clinician in motivational interviewing?

    <p>To let the patient explore the advantages of changing and do most of the talking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of shared decision making?

    <p>To explore treatment options and patient preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is shared decision making particularly useful?

    <p>In areas of true uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the clinician in counseling patients?

    <p>To increase patients' motivation and support behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of cognitive dissonance in motivational interviewing?

    <p>It motivates patients to change their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the clinician in monitoring patient progress?

    <p>To monitor patient progress and change the approach if necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of methods like motivational interviewing?

    <p>To increase patients' motivation and support behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of health-promoting activities?

    <p>Health promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary prevention by specific protection?

    <p>Preventing specific diseases, deficiency states, and injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between passive immunity and active immunity?

    <p>Passive immunity is provided by circulating antibodies from another organism, while active immunity is stimulated by the body's own immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccines?

    <p>To stimulate the production of humoral antibody and provide active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of herd immunity?

    <p>It reduces the spread of infectious organisms from an immunized person to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using iodized salt?

    <p>To prevent iodine deficiency goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using helmets in construction workers?

    <p>To prevent head injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between inactivated and live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines stimulate humoral antibody response only, while live attenuated vaccines stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using filters and ventilation systems in controlling dust?

    <p>To prevent injuries and toxic exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in preventing infectious diseases?

    <p>It provides a basic protection against infectious diseases in a well-nourished and healthy individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the bacille Calmette­Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis?

    <p>Live attenuated bacterial vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the combined tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine in adults?

    <p>To provide immunity against tetanus and diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should receive the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine?

    <p>Adults who were born after 1957 and lack evidence of immunity to measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine recommended for certain individuals?

    <p>To prevent pneumococcal infection in high-risk individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of influenza vaccination?

    <p>Annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of hepatitis A?

    <p>Through contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for recommending vaccination against hepatitis B?

    <p>To prevent transmission through contact with blood and other body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended vaccine for adults who have a high risk of exposure to pertussis?

    <p>Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of immunizing adults against diphtheria and tetanus?

    <p>To build on the foundation of vaccines given during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition of Health

    • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO definition)
    • Health is a dynamic process that requires constant effort to maintain
    • Any meaningful concept of health must include all dimensions of human life

    Health as Successful Adaptation

    • Health requires the presence of eustress (good stress) in forms such as exercise, infant stimulation, and mental challenges
    • An individual in good health may experience some distress, but it must be limited to a level that can be adapted to
    • The ongoing level of demand for adaptation to stressors is called the allostatic load on an individual

    Health as Satisfactory Functioning

    • What matters most to people about their health is how they function in their own environment
    • Health is the ability to function in a manner acceptable to oneself and one's community
    • Functional problems can impinge on a person's ability to see, hear, or be mobile

    Measures of Health Status

    • Measures of health status can be based on mortality, quality of life, and ability to function
    • Measures include life expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), health-related quality of life, and health status indices
    • Healthy life expectancy is a measure that attempts to combine mortality and morbidity into one index

    Natural History of Disease

    • The natural history of disease has three stages: predisease, latent, and symptomatic
    • The predisease stage is the stage before the disease process begins
    • The latent stage is the stage where the disease is present but not yet symptomatic
    • The symptomatic stage is the stage where the disease has become advanced enough to produce clinical manifestations

    Levels of Prevention

    • There are three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary
    • Primary prevention keeps the disease process from becoming established
    • Secondary prevention interrupts the disease process before it becomes symptomatic
    • Tertiary prevention limits the physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease

    Primary Prevention

    • Primary prevention involves modifying risk factors in a favorable direction
    • Examples include lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, and health promotion activities
    • Health promotion activities contribute to the primary prevention of a variety of diseases and enhance a positive feeling of health and vigor

    Secondary Prevention

    • Secondary prevention involves detecting and treating latent disease
    • Examples include screening tests for diseases, such as cardiac stress tests, and presymptomatic diagnosis through screening programs

    Tertiary Prevention

    • Tertiary prevention involves providing disability limitation and rehabilitation for patients with symptomatic disease
    • Examples include medical and surgical measures aimed at correcting the anatomic and physiologic components of disease### Teachable Moments
    • Discussions about a patient's disease can provide opportunities to convince the patient to start health promotion techniques to delay disease progression.
    • Examples of health promotion techniques include exercising, improving diet, and quitting smoking after a myocardial infarction.

    Rehabilitation as Prevention

    • Rehabilitation can mitigate the effects of disease and prevent social and functional disability.
    • Rehabilitation enables patients to avoid adverse sequelae associated with prolonged inactivity, such as muscle weakness.
    • Examples of rehabilitation techniques include:
      • Teaching self-care in activities of daily living (ADLs) after injury or stroke.
      • Early and frequent mobilization of joints during maximum paralysis to prevent stiff joints and flexion contractures.
      • Physical therapy to strengthen remaining muscle function and improve performance of ADLs.
      • Occupational and speech therapy to enable patients to gain skills and perform gainful employment.

    Preventive Medicine

    • Preventive medicine aims to enhance patients' lives by promoting health and preventing specific diseases or diagnosing them early.
    • Health is a positive concept that includes the ability to adapt to stress and function in society, beyond just the absence of disease.
    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention: eliminating causes of disease or increasing resistance to disease.
      • Secondary prevention: detecting and treating disease in the presymptomatic stage.
      • Tertiary prevention: limiting physical impairment and social consequences from symptomatic disease.

    Challenges of Prevention Programs

    • Prevention programs face challenges in competing for funds due to long delays before benefits are noted.
    • Specialty training in preventive medicine prepares investigators to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and cost benefits of prevention.

    Society's Contribution to Health

    • Health comes from three fundamental sources: adequate healthy food, a clean and safe environment, and prudent behavior.
    • The health care system is important for treating disease, but society and personal actions provide the basic structure for these sources of health.
    • Examples of societal sources of health include:
      • Socioeconomic conditions
      • Opportunities for safe employment
      • Environmental systems (e.g., water supply, sewage disposal)
      • Regulation of the environment, commerce, and public safety
      • Social support systems (e.g., families, neighborhoods)

    General Health Promotion

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health."
    • General health promotion addresses the underpinnings of general health, including:
      • Monitoring and limiting dietary fat intake
      • Consuming at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day
      • Performing regular physical activity and exercise
      • Abstaining from tobacco
      • Adhering to medication regimen
      • Practicing stress management and weight loss as needed

    Behavioral Factors in Health Promotion

    • Human behavior is fundamental to health.
    • The actual causes of death in the United States and most other countries involve modifiable lifestyle behaviors, such as:
      • Cigarette smoking
      • Poor diet
      • Lack of exercise
    • Efforts to change patients' behavior can have a powerful impact on their health.
    • Clinicians can play a role in promoting healthy behaviors by:
      • Counseling patients on healthy behaviors
      • Identifying risk factors for disease
      • Providing education and support

    Theories of Behavior Change

    • Theories of behavior change help understand how people change their behavior and how to design effective interventions.
    • Common theories of behavior change include:
      • Health Belief Model
      • Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
      • Theory of Planned Behavior
      • Precaution Adoption Process Model
      • Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory

    Health-Promoting Dietary Guidelines

    • Expert panels and organizations have developed dietary guidelines to promote health and prevent disease.
    • Guidelines recommend:
      • Engaging in regular physical activity
      • Eating appropriately sized portions of food
      • Limiting intake of saturated and trans fats
      • Eating generous amounts of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits
      • Inclusion of healthful polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
      • Restricting processed foods and alcohol consumption

    The Five "A"s Model for Facilitating Smoking Cessation

    • The Five "A"s Model is a framework for clinicians to help patients quit smoking.
    • The five "A"s are:
      1. Ask about tobacco use
      2. Advise all smokers to quit
      3. Assess the patient's willingness to quit
      4. Assist the patient in their attempt to quit
      5. Arrange follow-up contact

    Behavioral Counseling

    • Patients often want and need counseling, particularly those with risk factors for significant diseases.
    • Counseling should be tailored to the individual's needs and goals.
    • Methods of primary prevention, such as motivational interviewing, can be effective in promoting healthy behaviors.### Encouraging Patient Change
    • A skilled counselor can encourage patients to "talk change" by using specific strategies to promote behavior modification.
    • The clinician is responsible for monitoring patient progress and adjusting their approach if necessary.

    Shared Decision Making

    • Shared decision making is a process in which patients and providers consider outcome probabilities and patient preferences to reach a mutual decision.
    • This method is best used for areas of true uncertainty, such as prostate cancer screening or treatment of early breast cancer.
    • Computerized decision aids can help facilitate shared decision making.

    Prevention of Disease through Specific Protection

    • Primary prevention involves preventing specific diseases, deficiency states, and injuries through specific protection methods.
    • Examples of specific protection include vaccinations, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency goiter.

    Prevention of Disease by Vaccines

    • Vaccines provide active immunity, which is superior to passive immunity because it lasts longer and is rapidly stimulated to high levels by reexposure to the same or closely related antigens.
    • Types of vaccines include:
      • Inactivated (killed) vaccines
      • Live attenuated (altered) vaccines
      • Toxoids (inactivated or altered bacterial exotoxins)
      • Acellular vaccines (prepared in a cell-free manner)
      • Conjugated vaccines (antigenic fragments conjugated to a harmless biologic moiety)
      • Genomic vaccines (using antigenic sequences of base pairs recognized by T or B lymphocytes)

    Active Immunization of Adults

    • Adults need to be immunized to maintain adequate immunity levels, as demonstrated by the diphtheria epidemic in the former Soviet Union.
    • The immunization schedule for adults builds on the foundation of vaccines given during childhood.
    • Adults may need boosters because their immunity levels have declined since childhood.
    • Specific immunizations recommended for adults include:
      • Td (tetanus and diphtheria) vaccine
      • Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine
      • MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine
      • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
      • Influenza vaccine
      • Hepatitis A and B vaccines
      • Other vaccines depending on occupation, travel, or risk factors

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    Explore the concept of health and its definition, including the World Health Organization's perspective on physical, mental, and social well-being.

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