Defining Globalization

• Contemporary World refers to the current era's circumstances, ideas, problems, and issues related to the environment, population, wealth, and power.
• Global Connectedness Index (GCI) measures a country's flows and interconnections with global players through trade, capital, people, and information exchanges.

Defining Globalization

• Globalization involves increasingly liquid and multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information, as well as structures that either impede or facilitate these flows.
• Globalization is the interconnectedness of people and businesses worldwide, leading to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
• Globalization is an ongoing process of integration, interaction, interdependence, and universalization of human and non-human actors across various aspects of social existence, guided by a globalist consciousness towards a worldwide globality.
• Globalization involves the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growing international flow of money, ideas, and culture.
• Globalization has two main meanings: it is a phenomenon and a theory of economic development.

Metaphors of Globalization

• Solid represents barriers to free movement, whether natural (landforms, bodies of water) or man-made (Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall).
• Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world.
• Characteristics of liquidity include rapid change, continuous fluctuation, difficulty to stop movement, as seen in global finance and viral online content.
• Flows refer to the movement of people, things, places, and information due to increased global "porosity."

Globalism and Globality

• Globalism is an ideology of globalization, representing a rule by the world market.
• Globality refers to the social and cultural implications of globalization, indicating a state or condition where things are global.

Impact of Globalization

• Existing technologies have transformed communication and information exchange across borders, overcoming traditional barriers.
• Information Technology has significantly impacted science and various fields by providing accessible and relevant information, data, and research.
• Culture is undergoing homogenization as societies' differences weaken, leading to a universalization of cultures among various groups.
• Economics demonstrates globalization through evident gains in the economic aspects of social existence.
• Politics involves nation-states entering treaties and agreements to establish universal policies, norms, and laws.
• The environment faces dire consequences from negligence, threatening survival due to rapid deterioration.

Global Economy

• Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies through cross-border trade, international capital flow, and rapid technology spread.
• Global Economy is also known as the "World Economy".
• Global Economy involves the international exchange of goods and services.
• Global Economy entails the free movement of goods, capital, services, technology, and information.
• Economic Integration is the process of combining or increasing the interconnectivity of national economies to regional or global economies.

Types of Economies Associated with Economic Globalization

• Protectionism involves protecting one's economy from foreign competition by creating trade barriers.
• Trade liberalization involves reducing trade barriers to make international trade easier between countries.
• Trade Barrier/Tariff refers to required fees on imported goods.

Various Ways to Make Trade Easier

• Free trade involves trading goods and services between two or more countries without tariffs or taxes.
• Trade bloc is an agreement between governments to reduce or eliminate trade barriers.
• Outsourcing involves transferring manufacturing jobs from developed nations to developing nations to reduce product costs.
• FAIR TRADE involves concern for the social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers, aiming for a more moral and equitable global economic system.

Modern World System

• World System is based on the theory that social and economic change is affected by its interaction with exogenous institutions, focusing on world-systems.
• The world economy is divided into core, periphery, and semi-periphery regions.
• Core regions are the manufacturing base with high-income nations.
• Periphery regions are where raw materials are sourced with low-income countries.
• Semi-Periphery regions process and distribute products, acting as sites of major demand for goods and services with middle-income countries.

Market Integration

• Market Integration is the process by which economies become more interdependent and interconnected through commodity flows and spillover effects, indicating market relations.

International Financial Institutions in the Creation of Global Economy

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) focused on trade goods through multinational trade agreements conducted in various negotiation rounds.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an independent multilateral organization responsible for trade in services, non-tariff-related barriers, and broader trade liberalization areas.
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico for free trade without taxation.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) aimed to assist countries in financial distress, acting as a lender for those needing financial assistance.
• The World Bank provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for projects related to poverty reduction, economic development, and social welfare.

History of Market Integration

• The Agricultural Revolution marked the first major economic change as domesticating plants and animals proved more productive than hunter-gatherer societies.
• The Industrial Revolution in the 1800s introduced new economic tools like steam engines, manufacturing, and mass production, transforming work functions.
• Capitalism involves private ownership where businesses compete to outperform others.
• Socialism involves state or public ownership of the means of production.
• The Information Revolution is characterized by reduced human labor and a shift to a service-based economy focused on the production of ideas.
• A Multinational Corporation operates in its home country and other countries, also known as a Global Corporation.

The Global Interstate System

• The Global Interstate System is a governance arrangement addressing regional or global issues beyond the scope of a non-state, featuring unequally powerful states in shifting alliances.
• Government is a key aspect of state sovereignty, representing a group with ultimate authority.
• Social movements are spontaneous or grassroots movements.
• A State is an area of land with defined borders and a sovereign government.
• A Nation refers to a people rather than formal boundaries or institutions.
• Internationalism advocates for greater economic and political cooperation among nations for mutual benefit.
• Globalism is an ideology based on the free flow of people, goods, and information across national borders.

Institutions That Govern International Relations

• The United Nations facilitates global governance.
• Regional Commissions are groups of officials from different countries that instruct and debate, creating laws for economic and social development.
• The World Bank provides loans to countries for capital projects.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) comprises 162 countries and aims to increase free trade.
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) promotes free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) like the Red Cross provide emergency relief and medical supplies to those affected by disaster or war.
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a defensive treaty or military alliance.
• The United Nations is a leading political organization where nation-states meet and aim to maintain peace and build friendships.

Global Governance

• Global Governance combines informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, policies, and organizations to help states, IGOs, civil society, NGOs, TNCs, and individuals address transboundary problems.
• Global Governance is a collective effort to identify and address worldwide problems beyond individual state capacities.
• Political Globalization involves the growth of the worldwide political system, reducing the importance of the nation-state.

United Nations

• The term "United Nations" was coined in 1942, began operations in 1945, has 193 member states, and is headquartered in New York City, aiming to build friendships.

Five Branches of the United Nations

• The UN General Assembly is the main decision-making assembly.
• The UN Security Council can authorize military deployments and enforce penalties.
• The International Court of Justice settles legal disputes between States.
• The Economic and Social Council promotes economic and social development.
• The Secretariat provides studies and information.

Global Divides: The North and The South

• Global Divides represent global disparities due to economic affluence or other aspects of globalization.
• Stratification segregates people based on class, race, economic status, and other categories.
• The Global North refers to developed countries, typically in the northern hemisphere, with sufficient food, shelter, and education.
• The Global South refers to developing countries, located in the southern hemisphere, with limited resources.
• The "Global South" refers to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, often low-income and politically or culturally marginalized.
• The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the north-south divide, separating the developed north from the developing south.

ASEAN Regionalism

• Asian Regionalism is significant in contemporary global affairs.
• Regionalism is collective identity amongst conglomerate of nations.
• Regionalism is a venue where a state is weakened or strengthened.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations addresses economic, security, and political issues, but it's impact remains limited.
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is influential internationally.
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations promotes economic and political cooperation.
• The ten (10) ASEAN Member States: Brunei, Cambodia,Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.