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Questions and Answers
Emotion, as defined in contemporary psychological discourse, is characterized as a relatively ______ response state, distinguishing it from more enduring affective phenomena such as moods or personality traits.
Emotion, as defined in contemporary psychological discourse, is characterized as a relatively ______ response state, distinguishing it from more enduring affective phenomena such as moods or personality traits.
brief
The subjective experience component of emotion encompasses not only the qualitative feeling, but also the ______ of the emotion, reflecting its perceived strength and impact on the individual.
The subjective experience component of emotion encompasses not only the qualitative feeling, but also the ______ of the emotion, reflecting its perceived strength and impact on the individual.
intensity
Unlike emotions, moods are characterized by a more ______ origin, often lacking a clearly identifiable eliciting event, which contributes to their diffuse and pervasive nature.
Unlike emotions, moods are characterized by a more ______ origin, often lacking a clearly identifiable eliciting event, which contributes to their diffuse and pervasive nature.
diffuse
In the context of emotional processing, the ______ is posited as the critical neural substrate for fear conditioning and the rapid evaluation of threat stimuli, acting as the brain's 'alarm system'.
In the context of emotional processing, the ______ is posited as the critical neural substrate for fear conditioning and the rapid evaluation of threat stimuli, acting as the brain's 'alarm system'.
The hormone ______, crucial in the physiological stress response, is released during emotional arousal and plays a key role in managing the body's reaction to perceived threats.
The hormone ______, crucial in the physiological stress response, is released during emotional arousal and plays a key role in managing the body's reaction to perceived threats.
Within Ekman's framework of basic emotions, ______ is recognized as one of the universally expressed and understood emotions, irrespective of cultural background or socialization.
Within Ekman's framework of basic emotions, ______ is recognized as one of the universally expressed and understood emotions, irrespective of cultural background or socialization.
Complex emotions, such as nostalgia, embarrassment, and envy, are considered ______ emotions, reflecting a blend of primary affective states and cognitive evaluations.
Complex emotions, such as nostalgia, embarrassment, and envy, are considered ______ emotions, reflecting a blend of primary affective states and cognitive evaluations.
Display rules, which dictate the cultural modulation of emotional expression, are acquired through ______, shaping how individuals manage and present their emotions in social contexts.
Display rules, which dictate the cultural modulation of emotional expression, are acquired through ______, shaping how individuals manage and present their emotions in social contexts.
The display rule of ______ involves amplifying the outward expression of an emotion beyond what is genuinely felt, often to meet social expectations or situational demands.
The display rule of ______ involves amplifying the outward expression of an emotion beyond what is genuinely felt, often to meet social expectations or situational demands.
In contrast to the James-Lange theory, the Cannon-Bard theory posits that physiological arousal and subjective emotional experience occur ______, challenging the sequential dependency proposed by James and Lange.
In contrast to the James-Lange theory, the Cannon-Bard theory posits that physiological arousal and subjective emotional experience occur ______, challenging the sequential dependency proposed by James and Lange.
Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes the critical role of ______ in the interpretation of physiological arousal, suggesting that cognitive context shapes the emotional label assigned to bodily changes.
Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory emphasizes the critical role of ______ in the interpretation of physiological arousal, suggesting that cognitive context shapes the emotional label assigned to bodily changes.
LeDoux's dual-pathway model of emotion processing delineates a 'fast route' directly to the amygdala and a 'slow route' involving the ______, highlighting differential processing speeds and cognitive engagement.
LeDoux's dual-pathway model of emotion processing delineates a 'fast route' directly to the amygdala and a 'slow route' involving the ______, highlighting differential processing speeds and cognitive engagement.
Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory posits that positive emotions uniquely function to ______ attentional scope and cognitive flexibility, fostering resource accumulation and personal growth.
Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory posits that positive emotions uniquely function to ______ attentional scope and cognitive flexibility, fostering resource accumulation and personal growth.
According to discrete emotions theory, each basic emotion is characterized by distinct ______ roots and universal adaptive functions, suggesting an evolutionary basis for fundamental affective states.
According to discrete emotions theory, each basic emotion is characterized by distinct ______ roots and universal adaptive functions, suggesting an evolutionary basis for fundamental affective states.
The concept of dual processing in emotion highlights the interplay between rapid, implicit pathways and slower, ______ pathways, contributing to the complexity of emotional responses.
The concept of dual processing in emotion highlights the interplay between rapid, implicit pathways and slower, ______ pathways, contributing to the complexity of emotional responses.
From an evolutionary perspective, emotions are theorized to enhance survival through mechanisms such as fear-induced ______ responses to immediate threats.
From an evolutionary perspective, emotions are theorized to enhance survival through mechanisms such as fear-induced ______ responses to immediate threats.
The ability to recognize emotions in others significantly contributes to ______ intelligence, facilitating social navigation and interpersonal relationship management.
The ability to recognize emotions in others significantly contributes to ______ intelligence, facilitating social navigation and interpersonal relationship management.
[Blank] distance, ranging from 0.5 to 1 meter, is typically reserved for interactions among close friends or romantic partners, reflecting intimacy and trust.
[Blank] distance, ranging from 0.5 to 1 meter, is typically reserved for interactions among close friends or romantic partners, reflecting intimacy and trust.
The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus can enhance affective preference, leading to a more ______ disposition towards the familiar stimulus.
The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus can enhance affective preference, leading to a more ______ disposition towards the familiar stimulus.
The facial feedback hypothesis posits a ______ relationship between facial expressions and emotional experience, suggesting that facial musculature can modulate subjective feelings.
The facial feedback hypothesis posits a ______ relationship between facial expressions and emotional experience, suggesting that facial musculature can modulate subjective feelings.
[Blank] smile, characterized by the activation of both zygomatic major and orbicularis oculi muscles, is considered a genuine marker of felt happiness.
[Blank] smile, characterized by the activation of both zygomatic major and orbicularis oculi muscles, is considered a genuine marker of felt happiness.
In contrast to 'simulation', the display rule of '______' involves attempting to completely suppress the expression of a felt emotion, often for social appropriateness.
In contrast to 'simulation', the display rule of '______' involves attempting to completely suppress the expression of a felt emotion, often for social appropriateness.
The ______ nervous system, responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, counteracts the sympathetic system's arousal, promoting relaxation and physiological homeostasis after emotional activation.
The ______ nervous system, responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, counteracts the sympathetic system's arousal, promoting relaxation and physiological homeostasis after emotional activation.
According to appraisal theory, the ______ interpretation of a situation is paramount in determining the resultant emotional experience, emphasizing the cognitive mediation of emotion.
According to appraisal theory, the ______ interpretation of a situation is paramount in determining the resultant emotional experience, emphasizing the cognitive mediation of emotion.
[Blank] resources, such as resilience and optimism, are theorized to be built and strengthened through experiences of positive emotions, contributing to long-term well-being and adaptive capacity.
[Blank] resources, such as resilience and optimism, are theorized to be built and strengthened through experiences of positive emotions, contributing to long-term well-being and adaptive capacity.
Flashcards
What is Emotion?
What is Emotion?
A relatively brief response state involving synchronized physiological, subjective, and behavioural elements.
Physiological Arousal
Physiological Arousal
Bodily changes like increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension.
Cognitive Appraisal
Cognitive Appraisal
How we interpret a situation and understand its significance.
Behavioural Response
Behavioural Response
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Emotion-inducing stimulus
Emotion-inducing stimulus
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Subjective Experience
Subjective Experience
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Mood
Mood
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Personality Trait
Personality Trait
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Sensation
Sensation
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Thought
Thought
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Common Triggers for Anger
Common Triggers for Anger
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Common Triggers for Fear
Common Triggers for Fear
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Common Triggers for Sadness
Common Triggers for Sadness
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Common Triggers for Disgust
Common Triggers for Disgust
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Common Triggers for Surprise
Common Triggers for Surprise
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Common Triggers for Happiness
Common Triggers for Happiness
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Amygdala's Role
Amygdala's Role
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Hippocampus and emotions
Hippocampus and emotions
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Hypothalamus's Role
Hypothalamus's Role
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Insula's Role
Insula's Role
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Hormones in Emotion
Hormones in Emotion
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Basic Emotions
Basic Emotions
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Cultural Norms
Cultural Norms
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Display Rule: Intensification
Display Rule: Intensification
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Display Rule: Masking
Display Rule: Masking
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Study Notes
Defining Emotion
- Emotion is a relatively brief response involving synchronized physiological, subjective, and behavioural elements
- Experiencing emotion involves physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, subjective experience, and behavioural response
- The components of emotion include an emotion-inducing stimulus, physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioural expression
- Emotions differ from moods, personality traits, sensations, and thoughts, which lack specific triggers, stability, or experiential components
- Emotion are short with a specific trigger
- Mood is longer lasting, more general and lack a clear trigger
Emotion-Inducing Stimuli
- Anger is commonly triggered by perceived injustice, obstacles to goals, or threats to self-esteem
- Fear arises from physical danger, uncertainty, or potential harm
- Sadness is caused by the loss of something important or feelings of helplessness
- Disgust is triggered by violations of social norms
- Surprise results from unexpected events or novelty
- Happiness stems from goal achievement, pleasant sensations, or social connection
Brain Regions and Physiological Arousal
- The amygdala is critical for fear processing and emotional learning
- The hippocampus contributes to emotional processing by forming emotional memories
- The hypothalamus regulates bodily functions like hormone release
- The insula processes interoceptive awareness and disgust
- Studying emotion enhances self-awareness, social intelligence, and decision-making
- Physiological arousal involves cardiovascular, respiratory, hormonal, and muscular changes
- Hormones play a role in emotional states
- Adrenaline activates the fight-or-flight response
- Cortisol manages stress
- Oxytocin facilitates bonding
Fight or Flight Response
- Threat detection occurs when the amygdala recognizes potential danger
- The sympathetic nervous system activates, releasing stress hormones
- Physiological changes include increased heart rate and blood redirection to muscles
- The body prepares for confrontation or escape from the threat
- The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and relaxation, digestion) branches
Differentiating Emotions
- Emotions can be categorized based on triggers and physiological responses
- Basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise, are universally recognized
- Complex emotions include nostalgia, embarrassment, or envy
- Facial expressions, body language, vocal tone, and touch are behavioural expressions of emotion
- Positive emotions promote behaviours and broadened thinking
- Negative emotions signal threats and narrow attentional focus
- Mixed emotions combine positive and negative elements
- Neutral emotions may be valence-free until cognitive appraisal occurs
Interpreting Emotional Signals
- Emotional signals are interpreted through signal detection, pattern recognition, contextual evaluation, and conscious interpretation
- The subjective experience of emotion involves sensation, awareness, interpretation, integration, and expression
Cultural Influences on Emotion
- Basic emotions have universal facial expressions recognized across cultures
- Culture influences how and when emotions are displayed publicly
- Cultural norms, social learning, and context sensitivity shape emotional expression
- Japanese participants masked emotions more in social settings compared to Americans
Display Rules
- Display rules are cultural expectations about emotional expression which are learned through socialisation
- Types of display rules include intensification, de-intensification/inhibition, simulation, and masking
- Intensification: exaggerating an emotion
- De-intensification/inhibition: toning down an emotion
- Simulation: pretending to feel an emotion
- Masking: hiding one emotion by displaying another
Major Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: emotions result from physiological responses to stimuli
- Emotion-inducing stimulus → Behavioural and bodily responses → Subjective interpretation of arousal as emotion
- Cannon-Bard Theory: physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
- Emotion-inducing stimulus → Behavioural and bodily responses/Experienced emotion
- Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: emotions require physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
- Emotion-inducing stimulus → Physiological arousal → Cognitive interpretation of arousal → Emotion
- LeDoux's Two-Circuit Model: Features a fast route (amygdala) for quick responses and a slow route (cortex) for processed evaluation
Fredrickson’s Broaden-and-Build Theory
- Positive emotions broaden awareness and thought-action repertoires
- Resources built during positive states enhance survival during future challenges like intellectual, physiological, social and physical resources
- Joy: leads to creativity and stronger relationships
Proposed Purposes of Emotion
- Emotions enhance survival and aid social bonding
- Emotions shape judgements and preferences
- Recognizing emotions in others improves empathy and relationships
- Self-awareness and regulation of emotions are essential for personal development and mental health
Personal Space
- Public distance (3+ metres) for public speaking
- Social distance (1-3 metres) for conversations among strangers
- Personal distance (0.5-1 metre) for conversations among friends
- Intimate distance (0.0-5 metres) for kissing and intimate touching
Unconscious Influences on Emotion
- Mere exposure effect: repeated exposure makes feel favourably towards it
- Facial feedback hypotheses: likely to feel emotions that correspond to facial features
- Nonverbal leakage: an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour
Real vs Fake Emotions
- Genuine happiness involves an upward turning of mouth corners, drooping eyelids, and crinkling of eye corners
- The Duchene smile is a genuine emotional expression, while fake smiles mainly involve mouth movement
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