KPE261 Key Definitions

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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the capability to perform a motor skill successfully in changed circumstances?

Adaptability (correct)

Performance

Stability

Consistency

Which of the following accurately describes a quick learner?

Shows no observable change in performance

Exhibits persistent improvement over time

Experiences a gradual increase in performance

Demonstrates a rapid increase in performance (correct)

What is the purpose of a retention test?

To measure how to perform a practiced skill in a new context

To evaluate how well learning has occurred after a time interval (correct)

To determine the initial improvement of a skill after practice

To assess immediate performance capability

What does the term 'latent learning' imply?

Learning that does not show immediate performance changes Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes information provided by external sources that a person is not normally aware of?

Augmented feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory receptor is classified as deep and fast-adapting, primarily responding to vibration?

Pacini corpuscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the M-pathway in visual processing?

Controlling voluntary actions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of proprioceptive receptors?

They are involved in encoding muscle tension and length changes Signup and view all the answers

How does the ventricular system contribute to sensory perception?

It contributes to the conscious perception of objects Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the closed-loop control system maintains the desired relative positions of various limbs?

Comparator Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Power Law of Practice?

It suggests the log of performance is linearly related to the log of hours practiced. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue addressed by the storage problem in motor programs?

How motor programs are stored in memory for future retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic aligns with invariant features of Generalized Motor Programs (GMP)?

They define the fundamental pattern of a movement despite variations. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback is characterized by providing information immediately after a movement?

Immediate feedback Signup and view all the answers

What does contextual interference refer to in learning multiple tasks?

The disruption in learning caused by varying practice conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to learning with their definitions:

Performance = Behavioural act of executing a skill at a specific time in a specific situation Adaptability = Transferring knowledge & changing motor pathway to a situation/environment Consistency = From one performance attempt to another, performance characteristics should become more similar Persistence = Relatively permanent changes; improved performance capability lasts for a long period of time Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of feedback with their descriptions:

Intrinsic feedback = Info is directly available to a person, naturally through their senses Augmented feedback = Info person is not normally aware of, through external sources Exteroception = Provides info to processing system about the state of environment Proprioception = Provides info about the state of body parts in relation to each other and the environment Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning terms with their characteristics:

Quick learner = Rapid increase in performance Normal learner = Slower increase in performance, eventually higher performance Latent learning = Not seeing a performance change but learning is happening Retention test = Performance test administered after a period of not practicing the skill Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of motor learning characteristics with their descriptions:

Stability = Performing the same motor skill in a different context/environment Improvement = Person performs at a higher level of skill than a previous time Transfer test = Performance test to assess how the learning experience can be generalized Motor learning = A set of internal processes leading to relatively permanent changes in movement capability Signup and view all the answers

Match the sensory contributions with their descriptions:

Exteroceptive = Info provided from outside the body/environment Proprioceptive = Info arising from within the body Exteroception = State of the environment in which one’s body exists Proprioception = State of body parts in relation to each other and the environment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining and Assessing Learning

Motor learning: A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in movement capability.
Performance: Executing a skill at a specific time and place.
Improvement: Enhanced skill level compared to previous performance.
Consistency: Similar performance across attempts.
Stability: Consistent performance in differing contexts or environments.
Adaptability: Successful skill execution in new conditions or environments.
Persistence: Long-lasting improvement in skill capability.
Quick learner: Rapid increase in performance.
Normal learner: Gradual increase in performance.
Latent learning: Performance change not evident (learning may still be occurring).
Retention test: Assessing learning by testing after a period without practice.
Transfer test: Assessing skill generalization from learned to new skills in different contexts.

Sensory Contributions

Exteroceptive: Sensory information from the environment.
Proprioceptive: Sensory information about the body's position and movement.
Intrinsic feedback: Naturally occurring sensory information.
Augmented feedback: Additional sensory information.
Tactile receptors: Merkel cells (slow-adapting, pressure & texture), Meissner corpuscles (fast-adapting, stroking), Pacinian corpuscles (deep, pressure), Ruffini corpuscles (deep, stretch).
Visual receptors: M-pathway (parietal, spatial perception), P-pathway (temporal, object recognition).
Optical array/flow: Visual information of light reflecting and changing, aiding perception of movement.
Vestibular/Auditory receptors: Signal body movement and orientation (echolocation).
Proprioceptors: Muscle spindles (muscle length & speed of change) and Golgi tendon organs (tension).
Joint receptors: Receptors within the joint capsule.

Motor Programs

Generalized Motor Program (GMP): Sets of parameters defining a movement.
Rapid movements: Organized sequences of movements performed quickly (fast).
Response-chaining hypothesis: First movement in a sequence requires more attention than later movements.
Drum theory: Experiences of movement are imprinted.
Reaction time: Time between a cue and a response.
Open-loop control system: Executing movement instructions without modifications.
Closed-loop control system: Feedback loop to maintain desired outcome.
Storage problem: How to store infinite novel movements.
Novelty problem: Acquiring new motor programs and adapting to novel challenges.
Invariant features: Aspects of movements remaining the same (GMP form).
Parameters: Aspects of movements that are changeable.
Surface features: Aspects of movement that vary (allowable adaptations from GMP).
Deep features: Aspects of movements that remain constant and determine form (GMP).

Conditions of Practice

Law of practice: Early improvement in skill proficiency quickly diminishes as practice continues.
Power Law of Practice: Log of performance is linearly related to logarithm of hours of practice.
Deliberate practice: Purposeful activities to enhance performance.
Off-task practice: Learners that are not actively practicing that are not actively engaged in the physical task.
On-task practice: Methods to alter physical practice engagement to assess its effect on skills/learning.
Part practice: Breaking down a complex skill into smaller parts for practice.
Variability of practice: Practicing in different environments/contexts.
Contextual interference: Interference due to tasks being learned or practiced at the same time.
Elaborate-Distinctive hypothesis: Learning occurs with comparisons and contrasts of tasks.
Forgetting-Reconstruction hypothesis: Forgetting a prior task is required for effective learning/accomplishment of a new task.
Working memory: Temporary storage in memory.
Blocked Practice: Doing one exercise of practice repeatedly before going to the next one.
Random practice: Tasks are varied in the order of performance.
Perceptual learning: Skills learned through observations.

Augmented Feedback

Augmented feedback: Supplemental information about an action, in addition to inherent feedback.
Inherent feedback: Naturally occurring sensory information or feedback.
Concurrent feedback: Feedback during performance.
Terminal feedback: Feedback after performance.
Immediate feedback: Feedback immediately after a task/movements.
Delayed feedback: Feedback provided sometime after a skill is performed (time-delay feedback).
Nonverbal feedback: Feedback conveyed nonverbally or through observation.
Distinct feedback: Feedback specific to particular stages of movements.
Accumulated feedback: Feedback from multiple trial performance.
Knowledge of result (KR): Provides feedback on the outcome of a movement.
Knowledge of performance (KP): Provides feedback on the execution of a movement.
Temporal locus of KR: Time-delay for feedback after movement end.
Video feedback: Visualization of movement.
Kinematic feedback: Measures of motion (position, time, velocity).
Biofeedback: Measuring and providing feedback on bodily functions or performance.
Kinetic feedback: Measures of forces during movement.

Mental Practice

Mental practice: Cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill without physical movement.
Imagery: Visualizing movement performance or mental simulation.
Aphantasia: Inability to voluntarily create mental images.
Motivational imagery: Specific or general goal-setting.
Cognitive imagery: Techniques/strategies to achieve goals and/or skill.
Neuromuscular hypothesis: Mental practice affects neuromuscular activity akin to actual movement.
Brain activity hypothesis: Mental imagery and practice activate similar brain regions/areas.
Cognitive hypothesis: Aspects of mental practice involved in planning, executing, and evaluating strategies.
Internal imagery: Performed "inside" the body.
External imagery: Perceived "outside" the body.
Kinesthetic imagery: Sensory re-creation of performance.

Amount & Distribution of Practice

Overlearning: Practice beyond the necessary point for proficiency.
Procedural skills: Motor skills that are learnt and used cognitively.
Distribution of practice: Spacing practicing sessions to allow for rest between sessions and/or movements.
Massed practice: Practice sessions performed consecutively with little or no rest.
Distributed practice: Practice sessions spaced out with rest periods.
Memory consolidation: Process of strengthening memories over time.
Continuous skills: Movements with no distinct end point(s).
Discrete skills: Movements with distinct start and end points.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to motor learning, including performance, improvement, consistency, and retention. Assess your understanding of how various factors contribute to skill acquisition and adaptability in different environments. Test your knowledge on learning processes and evaluation methods.