Declarative Memory Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of self-referential processing in memory retention?

  • It connects information to personal experiences. (correct)
  • It involves repeating information multiple times.
  • It focuses solely on visual imagery.
  • It uses auditory cues for better recall.

Which technique utilizes familiar contexts to enhance memory retention?

  • Chunking information.
  • Method of loci. (correct)
  • Mnemonics with acronyms.
  • Repetition of phrases.

What best describes semantic memory?

  • Memories tied to specific events.
  • A type of memory reliant on sensory details.
  • Memories based solely on emotional experiences.
  • Information organized according to meaning. (correct)

Which elaborative encoding technique is likely to result in a stronger memory if participants generate their responses?

<p>Generation effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using mental imagery in memory processes?

<p>It creates rich visual representations that enhance recall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue jurors face when viewing interrogations that use bait questions?

<p>They confuse bait questions for actual evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia results in the loss of memories formed prior to a brain injury?

<p>Retrograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily associated with the formation of new explicit memories?

<p>Medial temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect suggests that repeated exposure to information can lead to a belief in its truthfulness?

<p>Illusory truth effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where more recent memories are more prone to disruption than older memories?

<p>Ribot gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of anterograde amnesia?

<p>Impairment of the medial temporal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does semantic knowledge influence episodic memory according to the content?

<p>It can lead to false memories and distorted recollections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic memory primarily concerned with?

<p>Beliefs about the world and the self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of amnesia?

<p>Traumatic brain injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the increased belief in false statements due to repeated exposure?

<p>Illusory truth effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Jacoby regarding non-famous names, what was the main finding about participants' identification one day later?

<p>They mistook some non-famous names for famous people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation shows a source monitoring error?

<p>Believing one saw a non-existent sign in a slideshow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result when participants were asked misleading questions after viewing a car accident slideshow?

<p>Only 41% recalled correctly due to misleading questions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does semantic context influence memory retrieval?

<p>It activates knowledge affecting interpretation of situations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does repeated exposure to neutral or false statements have over time?

<p>Perceived validity of these statements increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the false memory phenomenon?

<p>Individuals can confuse related words and themes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does semantic context influence?

<p>Interpretation of a situation based on current details (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which processing condition is associated with shallow processing?

<p>Structural (capitalization) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the generation effect in memory encoding?

<p>Completing a second word based on a given first letter and context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does elaborative encoding improve memory?

<p>By relating new information to prior knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory does the phonemic restoration effect illustrate?

<p>The influence of context on word perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is part of visuospatial imagery for improving memory?

<p>Placing items in a familiar mental context or route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs with semantic memory?

<p>Improved recall when information is linked to existing knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deep processing focus on?

<p>Meaning and interpretation of material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does memory reconstruction have on recollection?

<p>It can lead to distortions and false memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-referential processing helps with memory because it:

<p>Relates information to a person's self-concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between episodic and semantic memory?

<p>Episodic memory involves rich details about individual experiences, while semantic memory involves general knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about retrieval cues is accurate?

<p>Retrieval cues help in recalling information by providing context associated with the target memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can enhance memory retrieval according to the transfer-appropriate processing theory?

<p>Ensuring the retrieval cues at testing match the cues available during encoding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains the rapid initial forgetting of information?

<p>The exponential forgetting curve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

<p>Struggling to recall a new password because you keep thinking of your old password. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does elaborative encoding improve memory retention?

<p>By connecting new information with prior knowledge and creating a richer context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the finding of Godden and Baddeley's study on context-dependent memory?

<p>Memory retrieval improved when study and test environments were the same. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The levels of processing effect suggests that memory retention is best when:

<p>There is deep engagement with the meaning of the information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does interference have on memory, according to the findings of McGeogh and McDonald?

<p>The similarity between old and new information dictates the level of interference experienced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about episodic memories is true?

<p>They contain detailed information related to specific times and places. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily involved in recalling facts and general knowledge?

<p>Semantic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of declarative memory?

<p>It provides conscious recollection of events and facts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to decay in memory over time?

<p>Passive forgetting of older events due to passage of time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of recall requires no retrieval cues?

<p>Free recall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of synaptic consolidation?

<p>It stabilizes new synaptic connections over a relatively short time frame. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a memory during the reconsolidation process?

<p>It may become vulnerable to modification upon reactivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the standard consolidation theory primarily suggest regarding the hippocampus?

<p>It is no longer involved in episodic memory retrieval after consolidation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by medial temporal lobe damage?

<p>There is an inability to retrieve recent episodic memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the multiple trace theory view memory retrieval?

<p>It involves both hippocampus and cortical elements during encoding and retrieval. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ECT have on memories that were recently recalled?

<p>It disrupts memories that were recalled right before treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the testing effect in memory recall?

<p>It can enhance memory across different experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does temporally-graded retrograde amnesia indicate?

<p>Recent memories are more vulnerable than older memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in the multiple trace theory?

<p>It helps create multiple traces of the same memory through reactivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of memory consolidation indicated in the provided material?

<p>Memories may still be subject to change after they are consolidated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does interference in memory indicate?

<p>New information can disrupt the retrieval of earlier memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when episodic memories are reactivated?

<p>They return to an unstable state and may change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might older memories remain intact despite recent disruption?

<p>The mechanisms for older memories are different and more robust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory does the medial temporal lobe primarily affect?

<p>Construction of episodic experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Semantic Context

The knowledge activated by the details of the current environment, including internal thoughts, that influences the interpretation of a situation.

Phonemic Restoration Effect

The phenomenon where people perceive different words depending on the context, even when a phoneme is missing.

Semantic Memory

A network of concepts and knowledge that helps us organize and understand new experiences.

Elaborative Encoding

Processing information deeply by connecting it to existing knowledge, creating mental images, or elaborating on the material.

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Levels of Processing Effect

Memory performance is better for information processed more deeply.

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Self-Referential Processing

Information is better remembered when it is connected to one's own self-concept.

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Generation Effect

Generating information yourself leads to better memory performance than simply reading it.

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Mental Imagery

Using visual and spatial mental representations helps create strong memories.

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Memory Place (Method of Loci)

A memory technique that uses a mental image of a familiar place or route to store information.

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Reconstructive Memory

Past events are not perfectly recorded, but rather reconstructed based on our understanding of the world.

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Declarative Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of facts and events. It can be accessed and verbalized, forming 'knowing that' statements. It's rapidly encoded with a single exposure, supporting problem solving and communication.

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Episodic Memory

A type of declarative memory that stores personal experiences, including details about when, where, and how those events occurred. It's rich in context, organized by time and place, and includes information about the source.

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Contextualization of Memories

The process where new memories are initially linked to specific details of the time, place, and circumstances in which they were formed.

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Decontextualization of Memories

Over time, memories lose some of their specific context, becoming less tied to a particular time, place, or source. They become more generalized and integrated into semantic knowledge.

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Retrieval Cues

Information that is associated with a target memory and can help bring it back to consciousness. Examples include fragments of the original experience, identity, place, time, and other related cues.

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Free Recall

A memory test that requires retrieving information without any cues or hints.

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Cued Recall

A memory test that provides retrieval cues to help recall specific information.

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Recognition

A memory test where you have to identify previously experienced material.

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Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Retrieval is more likely when the cues present during testing are similar to the cues available during encoding. Cues reactivate the memory for the context in which information was experienced.

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Forgetting Curve

Describes the pattern of forgetting over time, characterized by rapid initial loss of information followed by a slower decline.

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Decay Theory

The idea that memories fade over time due to the passive weakening of neural connections.

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Interference Theory

Suggests that forgetting occurs because memories compete with each other for retrieval. New information can interfere with retrieving older memories.

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Proactive Interference

Old memories interfere with the learning and retrieval of new information.

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Retroactive Interference

New information interferes with the retrieval of old memories.

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Belief through repetition

Repeated exposure to a statement, even if it's false, can make it seem more believable. This is especially true for initially neutral or false statements.

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Illusory truth effect

The tendency to believe false information is true simply because it's been repeated multiple times.

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False memory

Remembering something that didn't happen because your brain has filled in the gaps with related information from your semantic memory.

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False memory: Studying related words

Studying a list of related words can lead you to remember the theme word, even if it wasn't actually on the list.

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Source monitoring error

Confusing where a memory comes from; for example, remembering information but being mistaken about the source of that memory.

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Misinformation effect

Incorporating inaccurate information from after an event into your memory of that event.

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Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to the misinformation effect. People can incorporate inaccurate information into their memories, which can lead to false identifications.

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Bait Questions in Interrogation

Questions that imply the existence of incriminating evidence, used to gauge the suspect's reaction and possibly elicit a confession.

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Semantic Context and Memory

Our knowledge about the world and the current situation influence how we interpret and remember past events.

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Post-Event Information

Information provided after an event can alter our memory of that event, even if the new information is incorrect.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memories for events that occurred before a brain injury or disruption.

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Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new long-term memories after a brain injury or disruption.

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Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) & Memory

Structures in the MTL are crucial for forming new memories, particularly explicit memories of events and facts.

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Consolidation Period

The time during which new episodic and semantic memories are fragile and easily lost or altered. This is the period where memories are being stabilized.

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Synaptic Consolidation

The process of strengthening and stabilizing new synaptic connections within the brain, occurring over a relatively short period (hours). This strengthens the neural pathways associated with a new memory.

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Systems Consolidation

The transition of a memory from being dependent on the hippocampus to being reliant on the cortex. This happens over a longer timeframe.

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Reconsolidation

The process where a reactivated memory becomes temporarily unstable again, making it susceptible to changes or disruption.

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Temporal Gradients of Amnesia

People with damage to the hippocampus have trouble retrieving recent memories, but often retain older memories. This suggests memories become less reliant on the hippocampus over time.

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Standard Consolidation Theory

The hippocampus acts like a temporary index, binding together different components of an event, which are stored in the cortex. Over time, the memory becomes independent of the hippocampus and is stored in the cortex.

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Multiple Trace Theory

Each time a memory is retrieved, a new memory trace is formed in the hippocampus and cortex. These traces contribute to a stronger, more resilient memory.

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Hippocampus's Role in Retrieval

The hippocampus is essential for retrieving recent memories, but its role diminishes as memory becomes more consolidated. The hippocampus is still involved in retrieving detailed, remote memories.

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Memory Distortion: Misinformation Effect

Presenting incorrect information after an event can alter an original memory. This indicates that memories can be altered and are not always accurate.

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Memory Enhancement: Testing Effect

Retrieving a memory enhances its strength and makes it more accessible in the future. Trying to remember something strengthens the memory.

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Memory Disruption: Interference

New information can interfere with the retrieval of old information, making it harder to access the original memory.

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MTL Damage and Memory Loss

Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) can result in anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories) and temporally graded retrograde amnesia (difficulty retrieving recent memories).

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Episodic Memory Retrieval

Episodic memory retrieval initially depends on the MTL, but after consolidation, the cortex can retrieve memories without the hippocampus's help.

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Semantic Knowledge from Episodic Memory

Semantic knowledge, or general knowledge about the world, is thought to be built from episodic memory experiences. Episodic memories form the foundation for our understanding of the world.

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How does elaborative encoding improve memory?

It connects new information to existing knowledge, creating mental images, or elaborating on the material.

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What is the generation effect?

Generating information yourself leads to better memory performance than simply reading it.

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What is self-referential processing?

Information is better remembered when it is connected to one's own self-concept.

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What is the memory palace technique?

A memory technique that uses a mental image of a familiar place or route to store information.

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What is the role of semantic memory in learning?

It helps us organize and understand new experiences by connecting them to existing knowledge.

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Study Notes

Declarative Memory

  • Declarative memory involves conscious recollection of events and facts.
  • It typically involves verbalization.
  • It can be acquired through a single exposure, facilitating rapid encoding.
  • Declarative memory supports flexible communication and problem-solving.
  • This type of memory is critical during skill acquisition.
  • Remembering instructions or steps in a skill requires high cognitive load when explicit information is held in mind.

Episodic vs. Semantic Memory

  • Episodic memory involves detailed personal experiences, contextualized in time and place.
  • Information is organized according to temporal structure.
  • Semantic memory encompasses general knowledge that is shared across experiences. It's organized according to meaning.
  • Semantic memories are formed by extracting common features from episodic memories.
  • Over time, information becomes decontextualized, detaching from specific places and times.

Retrieving Explicit Memories

  • Retrieval is the process of remembering stored information. Retrieval can be automatic or controlled.
  • Difficulty in retrieval depends on memory strength and cue availability.
  • Retrieval cues are related to the target memory and help in retrieval. Cues can include fragments of the original experience, identity, place, time, or other contextual cues.
  • Frequent association between a cue and a target memory improves retrieval effectiveness.

Free Recall, Cued Recall, and Recognition

  • Free recall involves retrieving information without cues.
  • Cued recall utilizes retrieval cues to enhance memory retrieval.
  • Recognition involves identifying previously experienced material when presented.

Retrieval Cues and Transfer-Appropriate Processing

  • Retrieval cues act as pathways to stored memories; multiple cues increase the chance of locating the target information.
  • Transfer-appropriate processing increases retrieval likelihood when testing cues match encoding cues.

Forgetting

  • Forgetting follows an exponential curve, rapid initially, less significant over time.
  • Decay refers to memories fading over time.
  • Interference occurs when memories compete with each other, causing forgetting.
  • Proactive interference occurs when old information hinders newer information acquisition and retrieval.
  • Retroactive interference happens when newer information impairs the recall or retrieval of older memories.

Interference

  • Interference is not simply overwriting information, but rather depends on the similarity of previously learned information.
  • More distinctive memories are less susceptible to interference and contextualize better.

Elaborative Encoding

  • Elaborative encoding elaborates on initial information through connections to existing knowledge, generating mental imagery, or embellishment.
  • Elaborative encoding strengthens memory by creating more distinctive, organized memories.
  • Deep processing (focusing on meaning) leads to better recall than shallow processing (focusing on surface features).

Semantic Memory

  • Semantic memory encompasses common knowledge and experiences across numerous contexts.
  • It involves organized information based on meaning.
  • Memories are not tied to a specific context.
  • Semantic memory plays a role in interpreting and organizing experiences.
  • It helps in interpreting events based on pre-existing knowledge.

Memory and Belief

  • Semantic memory involves beliefs, which are strengthened by repeated exposure.
  • Belief is not tied to any particular context.

False Memories

  • False memories can be mistaken as real events.
  • Repeated exposure to misinformation can lead to the acceptance of false information.

Memory Place (Method of Loci)

  • Memory place uses familiar locations to associate information for better recall.

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L&M Episodic and Semantic Memory PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of declarative memory, including its types: episodic and semantic memory. It discusses how these types of memory function, their organization, and their importance in cognitive tasks such as skill acquisition and retrieval. Test your understanding of how we remember facts and experiences.

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