Decision Making Concepts and Impact
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Questions and Answers

What is critical thinking?

The ability to question philosophically and exercise careful judgement when evaluating a situation.

Define a decision

A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration.

What is problem solving?

A process whereby a dilemma is identified and corrected.

What is creativity?

<p>Intellectual inventiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is satisficing?

<p>A decision-making strategy whereby the individual chooses a less-than-ideal alternative that meets minimum standards of acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decision making?

<p>The process of examining your possibilities, options, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of basic decisions?

<p>Basic decisions and strategic decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in making effective decisions?

<p>Emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the first "C" stand for in the six "C's of decision-making"?

<p>Construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "What might go wrong" factor should be assessed during the Compare stage of the six "C's" of decision-making.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of decision?

<p>Strategic decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "programmed decision" involve?

<p>A process for handling decisions that are repetitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-programmed decisions involve using experience and judgment more.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organizational decisions can usually be delegated, while personal decisions cannot.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage is the "follow-up" step in?

<p>Descriptive model of decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Decision Tree Model?

<p>To identify all the potential outcomes and the probability of success or failure for each decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Strategic Model, there are three circles that represent three interconnected elements of decision making.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a successful strategy for decision making?

<p>Ignoring the politics involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages does NOT appear in the Nursing process Model?

<p>Explore</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Intuitive Decision Making Model was originally built upon the Nursing Process Model.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in the Intuitive Decision Making Model?

<p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Econological Model focuses on identifying economic and social perspectives when making decisions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in the Econological Model?

<p>Set goal or define the problem, develop criteria, develop alternatives, determine all outcomes, select alternatives, and act or implement decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Moral Model is often used in decision-making in business situations.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of the Moral Model?

<p>Reassess the choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Ethical Decision making Model?

<p>To identify the ethical implications of decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ethical Decision Making Model emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences of each alternative.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a decision?

<p>A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define problem solving.

<p>A process whereby a dilemma is identified and corrected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is creativity in the context of decision making?

<p>Intellectual inventiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe satisficing as a decision-making strategy.

<p>A decision making strategy whereby the individual chooses a less than ideal alternative that meets minimum standards of acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision making is a process of examining your options, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Samuel C. Certo (2003), what is a decision?

<p>A choice made between two or more available alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Manmohan Prasad (2003), what is decision making?

<p>A process of choosing between alternatives to achieve a goal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are factors that influence effective decision making? (Select all that apply)

<p>Acceptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Six C's' of Decision Making' include which of the following steps? (Select all that apply)

<p>Commit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of decisions involve large range commitments and large investments?

<p>Strategic Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Herbert Simon classified decisions into which two classes?

<p>Programmed and Non-Programmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Programmed decisions involve organizations developing specific processes for handling these decisions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a programmed decision.

<p>Standing operating procedures and policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-Programmed decisions are related to general problem solving and involve judgment, intuition, and creativity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of decisions reflect company policy and can be delegated?

<p>Organizational Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of decisions refer to those made by a manager as an individual, and cannot be delegated?

<p>Personal Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of decisions are taken by the top management of an organization?

<p>Policy Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decisions taken by an individual in an organization are known as:

<p>Individual Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decisions made by a group of organizational members, like board directors or experts, are known as:

<p>Group Decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe routine decisions.

<p>Decisions made when problems are relatively well defined, common, and can be solved using established rules, policies, and procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define adaptive decisions.

<p>Decisions made when problems and alternative solutions are somewhat unusual and only partially understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision making involves choosing a particular course of action from various courses of action available.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision making is solely a mechanical process that does not involve human intellectual abilities.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision-making is a rational process that is always based on purely emotional reasoning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision-making is independent of the situation and is always governed by a single universal set of rules.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision making always serves a clear and specific purpose, without any exceptions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Phases of Decision Making' involve which three activities?

<p>Choice Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles are related to decision making? (Select all that apply)

<p>Beneficence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which techniques are used as basis of decision making? (Select all that apply)

<p>Intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are qualities of a manager? (Select all that apply)

<p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Decision Making Process' involves which of the following steps? (Select all that apply)

<p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of decision-making models? (Select all that apply)

<p>Econological</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Normative Model' is based on the 'analytical precise model' and involves seven steps.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Descriptive model' is based on Lancaster & Lancaster (2002) and involves seven steps.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Decision tree model' provides a visual representation of possible actions and their consequences, with probabilities assigned to each branch.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Strategic model' was developed by Swansburga in 2002 and involves identifying the problems, developing potential solutions, and selecting the single best choice.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Nursing Process Model' was developed by Marwuis & Huston in 2002 and involves five steps: Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, and Evaluate.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Intuitive decision making model' was developed by Romiszowski and incorporates recall or cumulative knowledge gathered from formal and informal education, as well as experience, in planning the decision.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Econological model' was developed by Basavanthappa .B.T in 2006 and involves setting a goal, developing criteria, identifying alternatives, determining outcomes, selecting an alternative, and implementing the decision.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Moral Model' was developed by Murphy and Murphy and involves five steps: Massage the dilemma, Outline options, Review criteria and resolve, Affirm position and act, and Look back, evaluate the decision making.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Ethical decision making model' was developed by Murphy and Murphy and involves six steps: Identify the problem, Determine why the problem is an ethical one, Identify the people involved, Define the role of the decision maker, Consider the consequences of each alternative, Make the decision, Compare the decision with the philosophy of the decision maker's ethics, Follow-up on the results of the decision.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Problem solving model' was developed by Marquis and Huston in 2002, and involves four steps: Assess, Recall, Plan, and Implement/Evaluate.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decision making is focused on trying to solve an immediate problem.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problem solving is a purposeful and goal-directed effort using a systematic process to choose among options.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creativity is essential for generating options or solutions, allowing individuals to conceptualize new and innovative approaches to a problem.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decision Makers and Their Impact

  • Decision-makers significantly affect individuals' lives and shape society.
  • Critical thinking is the ability to question philosophically and evaluate situations carefully.
  • A decision is a conclusion or resolution made after careful consideration.
  • Problem-solving is identifying and correcting dilemmas.
  • Creativity is intellectual inventiveness.
  • Satisficing is choosing a less-than-ideal alternative that meets minimum standards.
  • Decision-making is examining possible options, comparing them, and choosing a course of action.

Definitions of Decision-Making

  • A decision is a choice made between multiple alternatives to achieve objectives.
  • Decision-making is defining a goal and choosing the best solution from several alternatives to achieve a desired outcome.

Factors Affecting Effective Decisions

  • Perception
  • Priority
  • Acceptability
  • Goals
  • Values
  • Demands
  • Risk
  • Style
  • Resources
  • Judgment

Six Cs of Decision-Making

  • Construct a clear picture of the decision.
  • Compile a list of requirements.
  • Collect information on alternatives.
  • Compare alternatives.
  • Consider potential issues.
  • Commit to a decision and follow through.

Types of Decisions

  • Basic/Strategic decisions involve significant commitments and investments. Minor errors can significantly harm the organization.
  • Administrative decisions have established processes (e.g., standing operating procedures, policies) for handling routine tasks.
  • Non-programmed decisions address unique issues requiring judgment, intuition, and creativity.
  • Organizational decisions reflect company policies and can be delegated. Personal decisions are made by individuals and cannot be delegated.
  • Policy decisions are made by top management (e.g., bonus declaration).
  • Individual decisions are made by one person.
  • Group decisions are made by a group of people (e.g., board of directors).
  • Routine decisions address common, well-defined problems using established rules and procedures.
  • Adaptive decisions address unusual problems where solutions are partially understood.

Characteristics of Decision-Making

  • It's a process of choosing from various courses of action.
  • It involves the application of intellectual abilities.
  • It's a rational process involving deliberation and reasoning.
  • Decisions are situational; a manager might make different decisions in different circumstances.

Phases of Decision-Making

  • Intelligent activity (identifying the need)
  • Design activity (developing possible solutions)
  • Choice activity (selecting the best option)

Principles of Decision-Making

  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Paternalism
  • Utility
  • Justice

Techniques or Bases of Decision-Making

  • Intuition (inner feelings)
  • Facts (objective data)
  • Experience (previous situations)
  • Operations research (scientific basis for solving problems)
  • Values (personal beliefs)
  • Individual preference

Qualities of a Manager

  • Courage
  • Sensitivity
  • Energy
  • Creativity

Decision-Making Process

  • Objectives
  • Problems
  • Data collection
  • Alternatives
  • Evaluation
  • Selection
  • Implementation
  • Feedback

Decision-Making Models

  • Normative model (7 steps in an analytical model)
  • Descriptive model (Lancaster-Lancaster 2002: establishing goals, subjective problem perceptions, evaluating alternatives)

Decision Tree Model

  • Paths represent action sequences and outcomes.
  • Incorporate probabilities of positive and negative consequences.

Strategic Model

  • Visualizes decision-making with three interrelated elements: identifying problems, developing solutions, and selecting the best solution.

Successful Decision-Making Strategies

  • Building networks for resource access.
  • Research and literature review.
  • Knowledge and understanding of policies.
  • Frequent communication with organization members.
  • Prioritizing activities to achieve goals.

Nursing Process Model

  • Cyclical process of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Intuitive Decision-Making Model

  • Incorporates knowledge from education, experience, and intuition. Decision-makers spend time in assessment, recalling experience, and planning.

Ecological Model

  • Considers the economic aspects of actions to maximize gain or minimize loss.

Moral Model

  • Massaging the dilemma, outlining options, reviewing criteria/resolving, affirming and acting, looking back.

Ethical Decision-Making Model

  • Clarifies basic values and beliefs of participants.

Problem-Solving Model

  • Problem solving and decision making are crucial nursing skills requiring critical thinking, which are enhanced by experience.

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Description

Explore the essential principles of decision-making, including critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Understand the factors that influence effective decision-making and how these choices impact individuals and society. Test your knowledge on definitions and theories surrounding the decision-making process.

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