Decision-Making and Cognitive Biases
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary factor that influences decision-making in a complex scenario?

  • Emotional state (correct)
  • Social influences
  • Past experiences
  • Lack of information

    • Which of the following best describes a cognitive bias?

  • A systematic deviation from norm or rationality in judgment (correct)
  • An emotional reaction to a stimulus
  • An external influence on behavior
  • A method of logical reasoning

    • What role does feedback play in decision-making?

  • It serves to validate prior decisions only
  • It provides essential information for future improvement (correct)
  • It should be disregarded to maintain focus
  • It complicates the process unnecessarily

    • How can group dynamics affect individual decision-making?

    <p>They can lead to conformity and pressure to agree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of poor decision-making strategies?

    <p>Heightened risk of failure and negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula of water?

    <p>H₂O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is tasteless and odorless, but it can have a color.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is essential for life and is found in abundance in all living organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth is covered by water?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is used in many applications. Which of the following is NOT a major use of water?

    <p>Entertainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water makes up the largest percentage of the Earth's total water?

    <p>Saltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only a small percentage of freshwater on Earth is easily accessible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that describes how water moves between the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and underground?

    <p>Water cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change can impact the water cycle and lead to water scarcity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water scarcity is solely caused by climate change.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does distilled water taste compared to tap water?

    <p>Flat or bland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tap water can have added chemicals for treatment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'purified water' generally refer to?

    <p>Water that is largely free of microbes and chemicals through reverse osmosis or other filtration methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to water properties with their definitions:

    <p>Cohesion = Attraction between particles of the <em>same</em> substance Adhesion = Attraction between particles of <em>different</em> substances Surface tension = A measure of the strength of a liquid's surface Capillary action = Movement of liquid in a narrow space due to adhesive forces High specific heat = The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius High heat of vaporization = The amount of energy required to convert 1 gram of a liquid to a gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water allows insects to walk on its surface?

    <p>Surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main forces that contribute to the strength of cohesive or adhesive forces?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how cohesion plays a role in the human body's lungs.

    <p>Cohesion of water between the outer surface of the lungs and the thoracic cavity prevents the lungs from collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water's high specific heat helps to regulate the body's temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's high heat of vaporization contribute to cooling the body?

    <p>When water evaporates from the surface of the skin, it absorbs heat from the body, resulting in a cooling effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water expands when it freezes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The density of water varies with temperature, but ice is always denser than liquid water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is a direct example of how water's properties act as a good insulator?

    <p>Ice forms on the surface of a frozen lake, protecting marine life below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is often called a 'universal solvent' because it can dissolve only polar substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a solution?

    <p>The components can be easily separated by filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suspensions are homogeneous mixtures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH scale used to measure?

    <p>The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH value indicates a neutral solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong acids are characterized by a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong bases are characterized by a low concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of buffers in biological systems?

    <p>To maintain a stable pH despite changes in acidic or basic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of blood is normally maintained at a slightly acidic level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water and Mineral Metabolism (BCH 203)

    • This course covers water and mineral metabolism, including total body water, intracellular and extracellular water, water distribution, and factors influencing water balance.
    • It also includes metabolic water, mineral chemistry, function, and metabolism. Abnormalities in various diseases ( Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Lithium, Chloride, Phosphorus, Carbonate, Zinc, Cobalt, Chromium, Boron, Fluoride, Iodine, Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium) are considered.

    What is Water?

    • Water is a substance composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
    • It's a tasteless and odorless liquid at room temperature, with the ability to dissolve many other substances.
    • Its chemical formula is H₂O.

    Types of Water

    • Water resources are categorized into salt water (oceans/seas) and freshwater (glacier/ice caps, ground water, surface water, soil moisture).
    • Oceans/Seas account for 97.5% of water resources, while the remaining 2.5% is freshwater.
    • Only a tiny fraction, 0.007% of the Earth's water is available for 6.8 billion people.

    Water Cycle

    • The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and the movement of groundwater and transpiration.

    Global Warming and Climate Change

    • Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather, observed for at least 30 years.
    • Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface, observed since the late 1800s, due to human activities.
    • Global average surface temperatures increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius.
    • For every degree Celsius increase, atmospheric water vapor rises by around 7%.
    • Rising temperatures increase atmospheric moisture, leading to more storms and heavy rain.

    Water Usage Globally

    • Globally, approximately 4 trillion cubic meters of freshwater is used annually.
    • Agriculture consumes 75-90% of freshwater.
    • One ton of grain production requires 1000 tons of water.
    • An average person needs 5 liters of water daily in moderate climates.
    • One kilogram of chocolate requires about 24,000 liters of water.

    Water Scarcity

    • Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient water or safe water access.
    • Causes include climate change, natural disasters, war, conflict, and lack of infrastructure.

    Distilled Water

    • Distilled water is created by boiling water and collecting the condensed steam.
    • It's not necessarily the purest water drinkable, because essential minerals (like calcium, sodium, and magnesium) are removed.

    Filtered Water

    • Filtered water is treated tap water that has been processed through filters to reduce chlorine (improving taste) and some other undesirable compounds, such as bacteria.

    Purified Water

    • Purified water is essentially free of microbes and chemicals.
    • It often results from reverse osmosis , ozonization, or distillation methods.

    Properties of Water

    • Cohesion: Water molecules attract each other. This leads to surface tension, allowing insects to walk on water.
    • Adhesion: Water molecules are attracted to other substances. This property explains capillary action such as water moving up plant stems and the ability of water to bead up on surfaces.
    • High Specific Heat: It takes a large amount of energy to change water's temperature. This property helps regulate the temperature of organisms and the environment.
    • High Heat of Vaporization: Water requires a significant amount of energy to change from a liquid to a gas. This property helps regulate temperature and enables cooling mechanisms in organisms.
    • Less Dense as a Solid: Ice is less dense than liquid water, meaning ice floats which is essential for aquatic life in cold climates.
    • Water as a Solvent: Water dissolves many substances, playing a critical role in numerous biological reactions and processes.

    Solutions and Suspensions

    • Mixtures are composed of solutions and suspensions.
    • Solutions are mixtures where substances are evenly distributed in a solvent (like water dissolving sugar).
    • Suspensions are mixtures where particles are not dissolved but suspended in a medium (like muddy water).

    Colloids

    • Colloids are mixtures where particles are uniformly distributed, but they are too large to dissolve (like milk or jelly).

    Acids, Bases, and pH

    • Acids have a pH below 7, increasing acidity.
    • Bases have a pH above 7, increasing basicity.
    • The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, and neutral is 7.

    Buffers

    • Buffers resist sharp changes in pH by neutralizing added acid or base.
    • The body naturally produces buffers to maintain homeostasis.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changing conditions.
    • Water plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis because of its numerous properties.

    Other important concepts (distillation, electrolytes, etc.) are mentioned in the provided text but are not presented as a standalone topic here.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate factors that influence decision-making in complex scenarios. This quiz covers key concepts including cognitive biases, the significance of feedback, and the impact of group dynamics on individual choices. Test your understanding of the common pitfalls in decision-making strategies.

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