Decision Confidence in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary task described in the text?

Make a speeded response to all incongruent colour/word stimuli.

What does the post-decisional EEG signal indicate?

Detected errors associated with a second drift-diffusion process.

How does the diffusion process in post-decisional processing differ from the primary decision-making process?

The diffusion process in post-decisional processing is metacognitive, deciding whether an error has been made.

What experimental design was used to gain control over post-decisional processing?

3 (pre-decision coherence) x 3 (post-decision coherence) factorial design. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Bayesian model, how does confidence change based on post-decision evidence after correct decisions?

Confidence should increase with post-decision evidence strength after correct decisions. Signup and view all the answers

How does confidence change based on post-decision evidence after incorrect decisions according to the Bayesian model?

Confidence should decrease with post-decision evidence strength after incorrect decisions. Signup and view all the answers

How can confidence estimates facilitate adaptive behavior?

By enabling changes of mind, error recognition, learning, and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) approach to confidence according to Kiani & Shadlen?

The DDM model works well for opt-out choices sampled after fixed durations but does not model confidence judgments given after a decision has been made. Signup and view all the answers

How does post-decisional evidence accumulation contribute to confidence judgments?

Post-decisional evidence accumulation continues after the choice is made and informs confidence judgments. Signup and view all the answers

What types of decisions can be captured by the post-decisional extension of the Drift-Diffusion Model?

Type 1 and Type 2 decisions, including non-verbal Type 2 decisions like willingness to wait for a reward. Signup and view all the answers

How is confidence informed by evidence accumulation signals in the context of Macaque monkeys' training?

Macaque monkeys were trained to 'opt out' of the random dot motion task when it was difficult, a version of post-decision wagering. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of keeping different computations separate when interpreting the neural basis of confidence?

It is essential to differentiate between sensory certainty and decision confidence to accurately understand the neural basis of confidence. Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory information influence decision-making?

Sensory information is accumulated to make a decision. Signup and view all the answers

What role do decision thresholds play in decision-making?

Decision thresholds are set by the brain and can be adjusted in uncertain situations. Signup and view all the answers

How does confidence impact error recognition?

Confidence levels help in recognizing and correcting mistakes. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can confidence levels affect social interactions?

Confidence levels can influence social behaviors and perceptions by others. Signup and view all the answers

What methodologies are used to measure the accuracy and confidence in sensory discrimination tasks?

Signal Detection Tasks are used for this purpose. Signup and view all the answers

What techniques are utilized in studying the brain regions involved in confidence judgments?

Neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI and EEG are used. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Post-Decisional Processing

The primary task described in the text is related to decision-making and confidence judgments.

EEG Signal

The post-decisional EEG signal indicates the accumulation of evidence after a decision has been made.

Diffusion Process

The diffusion process in post-decisional processing differs from the primary decision-making process in that it involves the accumulation of evidence after a decision has been made.

Experimental Design

The experimental design used to gain control over post-decisional processing involves manipulating post-decision evidence to study its impact on confidence.

Bayesian Model

According to the Bayesian model, confidence increases after correct decisions as post-decision evidence accumulates.
Confidence decreases after incorrect decisions as post-decision evidence accumulates.

Confidence Estimates

Confidence estimates can facilitate adaptive behavior by allowing individuals to adjust their decisions based on the strength of the evidence.

Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM)

A limitation of the DDM approach to confidence is that it does not capture the separate computations involved in confidence judgments.

Evidence Accumulation

Post-decisional evidence accumulation contributes to confidence judgments by providing additional information that can be used to evaluate the accuracy of a decision.

Decision Types

The post-decisional extension of the DDM can capture a wide range of decisions, including sensory discrimination tasks.

Neural Basis of Confidence

In the context of Macaque monkeys' training, confidence is informed by evidence accumulation signals in the brain.
It is important to keep different computations separate when interpreting the neural basis of confidence to avoid confounding variables.

Sensory Information

Sensory information influences decision-making by providing the initial evidence used to make a decision.

Decision Thresholds

Decision thresholds play a crucial role in decision-making by determining the amount of evidence required to make a decision.

Error Recognition

Confidence impacts error recognition by influencing how quickly and accurately individuals recognize and correct their mistakes.

Confidence levels can affect social interactions by influencing how individuals communicate and respond to others.

Methodologies

Methodologies used to measure the accuracy and confidence in sensory discrimination tasks include behavioral and neuroimaging techniques.

Brain Regions

Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are used to study the brain regions involved in confidence judgments.

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Description

Explore the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in computing decision confidence in humans and rodents. Learn about post-decision processing related to error monitoring tasks.