DCHE 111: Chemistry Quiz on Matter and Bonding

Course Information

• Course Title: DCHE 111: CHEMISTRY
• Lecturer: ZULU SARAH
• Email: [email protected]
• Department: Defence School of Health Science, Department of Public Health

Course Content

• Physical state of matter
• Atomic structure and electron configuration
• Periodic table trends
• Chemical bonding, structure, and shape of molecules
• Stoichiometry
• Solutions and their properties
• Intermolecular forces
• Equilibrium
• Introduction to organic chemistry

Course Objectives

• Describe physical states of matter
• Explain atomic structure and electronic configuration
• Explain periodic table trends
• Apply stoichiometry principles
• Classify intermolecular forces
• Explain organic chemistry concepts

Method of Learning

• Lectures: minimum of four hours per week
• Assessment:
  • Continuous Assessment: 40%
    • 2 Tests: 20%
    • Assignments: 10%
    • Theory Quiz: 10%
  • Final Examination: 60%
  • Prescribed Reading:
    • American chemical society (2014) chemistry in context; 5th edition
    • Whitten, k.w., Raymond (2014) general chemistry 7th Edition
    • Steven Zumdahl and Susan Zumdahl (2007) chemistry 6th edition

What is Chemistry?

• Chemistry is the branch of science that studies matter—its composition, properties, changes, molecules, energies, rates, thermodynamics, and equilibrium.
• Scientists discover and describe matter, then explain its characteristics and how it changes.
• Chemical discoveries have expanded the human lifespan, increased crop yields, and produced many products that improve our lives, like medicines, plastics, alloys, pesticides, and fertilizers.
• Chemistry is essential to understand how life works, because chemical reactions are fundamental to biological processes.
• Chemistry is more than facts and knowledge; it's about matter, which has mass and takes up space. It involves pure substances or mixtures undergoing changes called chemical reactions; brand-new substances are created during these reactions.

Branches of Chemistry

• Analytical chemistry: analyzes substances to determine their composition (qualitative and quantitative).
• Biochemistry: studies chemical reactions in living organisms at the molecular level (digestion, metabolism, and more).
• Organic chemistry: studies carbon compounds and their properties.
• Inorganic chemistry: deals with all compounds except carbon.
• Physical chemistry: explores how and why chemical systems behave as they do, and develops models to describe their behavior.

Importance of Learning Chemistry

• A fundamental understanding of chemistry is useful to many people in various fields.
• It's critical to create new materials that make life better, improve safety, produce efficient energy sources, and control diseases.
• Even careers not directly related to chemistry will be influenced by its principles.

Why Study Chemistry?

• Chemistry applications have improved our lives.
• However, these improvements have created problems. Society needs a more sustainable approach to chemical production and usage.
• We need to understand the chemical nature of the Earth to accomplish a better sustainable future.

Sustainability and Chemistry

• Sustainability in chemistry involves meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs regarding economics, society, environments, and science.
• Scientific advances have increased life expectancy and quality of life.
• However, there's a price—increased emissions, acid rain, and other environmental impacts.
• Chemists strive to seek solutions to the dilemma by developing sustainable chemistry practices.

Principles of Sustainable Chemistry

• Prevention of waste is preferable to treating it.
• Design chemical methods to use all materials in the final product and use and generate substances with low/minimal toxicity.
• Design chemical products to function effectively with minimal toxicity.
• Recognizing energy requirements for minimizing environmental and economic impacts.
• Implementing processes with renewable raw materials when possible.
• Designing processes to prevent chemical accidents and minimize releases, explosions, and fires.

Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Matter exists in various forms (stars, air, gasoline, chairs, books, computers, food, dirt).
• Matter has properties:
  • Physical properties: describe matter as it exists (shape, color, size, temperature, phase/state). A physical change affects these properties without changing the composition.
  • Chemical properties: describe how matter changes in the presence of other matter. Chemical change results from a chemical reaction in the presence of other matter.

States of Matter

• Matter exists in five main states: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC's).
  • Each state has unique physical traits and interacts differently with other matter.
  • Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
  • Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
  • Gases have neither fixed shape nor volume, filling their container.
  • Plasmas are unique states at very high temperatures.
  • Bose-Einstein condensates are supercooled atoms.
• Changes in temperature cause matter to change states.
• Changes in matter’s properties also change states.