30 Questions
During which stage of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development do children develop the ability to think symbolically?
Preoperational Stage
According to constructivist theorists, how do learners actively construct their own learning?
By building on existing values, beliefs, and knowledge
In the Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget's theory, children start to work things out in their head rather than physically in the real world. At what age range does this stage typically occur?
7 years to 11 years
Which concept from Piaget's theory refers to the idea that something still exists when you can't see it?
Object Permanence
What do constructivist theorists believe is crucial for new learning to take place?
Tying new information into existing values and knowledge
Which statement best represents Piaget's view on learning across cultures?
Learning is highly individualized and varies across cultures
What is the core idea of the Stage Theory of Information discussed in the text?
Information is processed and stored in stages involving sensory memory and short-term memory.
In the Cognitive Domain, what does 'Valuing' refer to?
The student's appropriation of worth, showing belief or preference.
What major change occurred in Bloom's original subdivisions in 2000-01?
Revised organization of the subdivisions by David Krathwohl and Lorin Anderson.
What does the text define as the Psychomotor Domain?
Refers to how we use our bodies and senses to interact with the world, involving physical movements and functions.
How long does information typically last in short-term memory according to the text?
20 seconds
What is necessary for sensations in sensory memory to be passed on to working memory?
They must activate a known schema or be of interest to the person.
According to Piaget, how does language relate to thought?
Thought drives language
What defines the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?
The space where collaborative learning occurs with a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
In Vygotsky's theory, what are Elementary Mental Functions associated with?
Internal cognitive processes
What process is described as the enlargement of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Scaffolding
What characterizes the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) in Vygotsky's theory?
Is someone who knows more than the child but doesn't have to be an adult
What is an essential aspect of professional ethics in healthcare professions?
Adherence to professional ethics
What is the primary means of communication between the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the child in Vygotsky's theory?
Social Speech
Which developmental stage according to Vygotsky is characterized by the development of abstract thought, logic, and hypothesis testing?
Formal Operational Stage
What does Vygotsky believe is an integral part of cognitive development in his theory?
Social learning
What concept in Vygotsky's theory involves the child's 'inner voice' that develops from internalizing social speech?
Private Speech
According to Vygotsky, what is critical for providing the child with more tools in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Rich socio-cultural environment
Which concept refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more skilled individual in Vygotsky's theory?
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
According to Ausubel's Subsumption Theory, meaningful learning can only occur if:
New information is subsumed into existing cognitive structures that are organized and differentiated.
In Rumelhart's Schema Theory, schemata are:
Knowledge structures that store concepts and how to use them in memory.
Which of the following best describes the process of 'Restructuring' in Schema Theory?
Creating a new schema by copying and modifying an old schema.
Which of the following is an example of 'Tuning' in Schema Theory?
Remembering the route to work.
In the context of Ausubel's Subsumption Theory, which of the following would be an example of meaningful learning?
Understanding the concept of photosynthesis by relating it to prior knowledge of plant biology.
Based on Rumelhart's Schema Theory, which of the following would be an example of 'Tuning' rather than 'Restructuring'?
Remembering the combination to a new lock after changing it from the previous one.
Study Notes
Blooms Taxonomy
- Cognitive Domain: 6 levels of cognitive processing, including Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
- Affective Domain: 5 levels of emotional processing, including Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organization, and Characterization
- Psychomotor Domain: 7 levels of physical processing, including Perception, Set, Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response, Adaptation, and Origination
Stage Theory of Information
- 3 stages: Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, and Long-term Memory
- Sensory Memory: fleeting, lasts about 1-3 seconds
- Short-term Memory: lasts about 20 seconds
- Long-term Memory: firm, tied to existing schema
Constructivism
- Learning theory that emphasizes the role of prior knowledge and experiences in shaping new learning
- Learner actively constructs their own learning through interaction with their environment
- New information must tie into existing values, beliefs, and knowledge
Vygotsky's Theory of Learning
- Social learning is integral to cognitive development
- Culture, not developmental stage, underlies cognitive development
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): the distance between what a learner can do unaided and what they can do with guidance
- More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): a person who provides guidance and support in the ZPD
- Scaffolding: the process of providing guidance and support to help learners reach their full potential
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): learning basic Schemas and Object Permanence
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): developing more Schemas and symbolic thought
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): working out problems mentally
- Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): abstract thought and logic development
Other Theorists
- David Paul Ausubel: Subsumption Theory of Meaningful Verbal Learning
- Rumelhart and Norman: Schema Theory, including Schema Evolution and Tuning
Learn about David Paul Ausubel's Subsumption Theory that focuses on new information being incorporated into existing cognitive structures for meaningful learning. This theory emphasizes the importance of organizing and differentiating cognitive structures for effective learning.
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