Databases: Data vs. Information

• A database is a shared collection of related data that supports the activities of an organization.
• Databases are designed to meet the information needs of an organization.

Data v Information

• Raw facts about a topic or item that are unorganized and unstructured constitute data.

• Information results from combining, comparing, and performing calculations on data to make it meaningful and useful.

• Data: Raw facts, unorganized, and unstructured.

• Information: Processed, interpreted, organized, and structured data that's meaningful and useful.

Traditional File System Concepts

• File Management System/File System: Software that manages data files within a computer system.
• Each file remains independent, with data integration achieved through individual programming for each application.

Disadvantages of File Systems:

• Data Redundancy: High, due to data duplication.
• Program-Data Dependency: High; changes in data file structures require corresponding changes in dependent application programs.
• Data Integrity Problems: Constraints on data items necessitate modifications across all application programs accessing the data file.
• Concurrent Access Anomalies: Occur when multiple users access the same record simultaneously.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional File Systems

• Simplicity and being less complex offset by data redundancy, inconsistency, and limited data sharing.
• Minimal investment and no need for specialists are countered by security problems and time consumption.
• Inefficiency in maintaining records for large firms with many items, along with data dependence.

Current Technologies and Trends (Industry 4.0)

• Industry 4.0 focuses on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data.
• Key components: IoT, IIoT, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Cloud Computing.

Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT connects physical objects via sensors or machines to the Internet.
• Examples include home security, activity trackers, industrial safety, augmented reality glasses, and motion detection.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

• IIoT connects people, data, and machines specifically in relation to manufacturing.

IIoT vs IoT

• IoT is for individual customers in homes and offices; IIoT is for commercial use in industries.
• IoT has less security concerns; IIoT has major security concerns due to organizations and businesses being involved.
• IoT has low-risk impact applications; IIoT uses more sensitive/precise sensors.
• IoT is less expensive; IIoT is more expensive due to sensitive devices used in industrial applications.

Big Data

• Big data includes large sets of structured or unstructured data that can be compiled, stored, organized, and analyzed to reveal patterns, trends, and associations.

Artificial intelligence (AI)

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Refers to a computer's ability to perform tasks and make decisions that require human intelligence.
• Includes examples like Google Maps, Face Detection and recognition, and E-Payment systems.

Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing uses interconnected remote servers on the Internet to store, manage, and process information.

Database and DBMS Concepts

• A database serves as a data repository, defined once and accessed by various users.
• Multiple users and integration is needed for a Database solution.
• Database Management system (DBMS) Controls The storage, organization, and retrieval of data
• DBMS: A collection of programs enabling users to create, maintain, and control access to databases.
• The Primary goal of DBMS is to provide a convenient and efficient environment for retrieving and storing information of users

Advantages of DBMS - Database Approach

• Reduced Data Redundancy: Data items are ideally stored only once within the database.
• Program-Data Dependence (Low): Data structure stored in the system catalogue. Only one change is needed should there be an update.
• Enforcing Integrity Constraints: Definition and enforcement of constraints ensure valid user inputs and maintain data integrity.
• Concurrent Access: Enables multiple users to access the same data concurrently, managed by a concurrency control subsystem.

File System vs. Database System

• File System stores general files with less security/constraints, whereas a Database System is used when with high security constraints are high.
• File Systems have high data redundancy, whereas Database Systems have low redundancy.
• File Systems have high data inconsistency, whereas Database Systems have low data inconsistency.
• Security is low in file systems whereas security is high in Data Base systems
• File system store unstructured data as isolated data files whereas DBS stores structured data which have well-defined constraints.

Database Users:

• End Users access the database from terminals, use developed applications.
• Database Designers Define the content, structure, constraints.
• Application Programmers Implement specific application programs to access the stored data.

Database Administrators (DBA)

• DBA can be a single person or a group of people and are responsible for all aspects related to the database.
• DBA tasks include authorizing database access and coordinating/monitoring database use.
• Deciding the instances, defining the schema, communicating with users, defining security, and ensuring back-up and recovery methods.