Database Systems: An Overview

Overview of Database

• A database serves as a shared repository of related data, designed to support the activities within an organization
• Databases are tailored to fulfill an organization's specific information requirements

Basic Components of a Database System

• Data undergoes processing to generate information
• Queries are used to request specific data
• Tools are employed for data manipulation and management
• Decisions are made based on the processed information
• Reports are generated to summarize and present data

Data vs Information

• Data comprises collected, unorganized, and unstructured facts about a topic or item
• Information derives from combining, comparing, and performing calculations on data
• Data is raw, unorganized, and unstructured
• Information involves processed, interpreted, organized, structured, or presented data to make it meaningful

Traditional File System Concepts

• A file management system, or file system, is a software component responsible for managing data files within a computer system

• Each file operates independently of other files, requiring individual programs for each

• A file-based system for a college can involve various programs and files, like student affairs and advisor files

Disadvantages of File Systems

• Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data
• Program-Data Dependency means changes in data file structure lead to changes in application programs
• Data integrity problems occur when changes to data constraints require modifications across all application programs
• Concurrent Access Anomalies restrict multiple users from accessing the same record simultaneously
• Poor Security arises from limited data control, potentially leading to unauthorized access
• Backup and Recovery processes are manual in file-based systems, unlike the automated processes in database systems

Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional File Systems

• Advantages include simplicity and minimal investment and no specialist required
• Disadvantages include data redundancy, inconsistency, limited data sharing, and security concerns

Current Technologies and Trends

• Industry 4.0 marks a new industrial revolution phase characterized by interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data
• Industry 4.0 encompasses Blockchain, IoT (Internet of Things), IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things), Big Data, AI (Artificial Intelligence), Cloud computing, Quantum Computing, Text-To-Speech Technologies, and Renewable Energy Technologies

Blockchain

• Blockchain is "distributed database maintains a continuously growing list of ordered records, called blocks,” linked using cryptography
• Blockchain is known in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and has applications in supply chain management and healthcare
• Blockchain provides secure and transparent transactions by removing intermediaries

IoT (Internet of Things)

• IoT connects physical objects like sensors and machines to the Internet
• Examples of IoT devices include home security systems, activity trackers, industrial safety sensors, and augmented reality glasses

IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)

• IIoT connects people, data, and machines specifically within manufacturing contexts

IIoT vs IoT

Big Data

• Big Data refers to collecting large sets of structured/unstructured data used to reveal patterns

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI involves computers performing tasks/making decisions typically requiring human-level intelligence
• Google Maps, Face Detection and Recognition, and E-Payment serve as examples

Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing is the practice of using remote servers hosted on the Internet to store and manage data

Quantum Computing

• Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics for calculations at speeds unattainable by traditional computers
• Quantum computing uses qubits, which have revolutionized cryptography and optimization

Text-To-Speech Technologies

• AI voice generator creates new voices or manipulates audio without needing any audio engineering expertise
• Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) converts spoken language to text and reduces the need for manual transcription.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) helps computers understand human language as spoken and written

Renewable Energy Technologies

• Focuses on generating power from naturally replenished resources
• Solar power includes PV systems and solar thermal systems
• Wind power includes onshore and offshore farms with wind turbines to convert wind into electricity
• Hydropower employs dams and reservoirs to generate electricity

Database and DBMS Concepts

• Manage multiple users and data items

DBMS (DataBase Management System) Concepts

• Software controls data storage, organization, and retrieval
• A program is created to create and maintain databases and controls access
• Provides convenient and efficient environment for data storage

Examples of Database Use Cases

• Schools manage courses, students, and departments
• Banks store information on customers, accounts, and transactions
• Airlines manage reservations and schedules
• Telecommunication departments track networks, numbers, call details, and bills

Advantages of Database Approach

• Reduced data redundancy stems from central storage
• Program-Data dependence (low) means data structure (meta data) allows simple changing data structure
• Enforces integrity constraints allow entry of valid information and data integrity
• Concurrent access allows multiple users to access information

File System vs. Database System

Database Users

• End Users access databases and don't have knowledge about the databases
• They communicate with understanding user needs
• Application Programmers implement programs to access stored data from DBMS

Database Administrators (DBA) Tasks

• Authorizing database access,
• Coordination,
• Monitoring database usage,
• Controlling database use,
• Monitoring efficiency of operations
• Deciding database instances
• Defining the Schema
• Communicating to relevant users
• Defining Security
• Backup and Recover