Data Types and Structures Quiz
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What happens when trying to push an item onto a stack that is already full?

  • The stack automatically resizes to accommodate the new item.
  • The item replaces the top item of the stack.
  • The item is added to the bottom of the stack.
  • An OverflowError is raised. (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the peek method in the stack implementation?

  • To return the top item without removing it. (correct)
  • To remove the top item from the stack.
  • To clear the stack without removing items.
  • To check if the stack is full.

    • In the pop method, what occurs after an item is retrieved from the top of the stack?

  • The value is set to None at the top index. (correct)
  • An error is raised regardless of the stack's state.
  • The stack is cleared entirely.
  • The corresponding index is incremented.

    • What condition must be true for the pop operation to successfully execute?

    <p>The stack must contain at least one item.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods would you use to check if a stack is empty?

    <p>is_empty()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation is used to remove the top item from a stack?

    <p>Pop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of arrays regarding memory allocation?

    <p>Contiguous memory allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stack implementation is true?

    <p>Items are removed in the reverse order of their addition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data structure allows for efficient insertion and deletion of elements?

    <p>Linked List</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Peek operation do in a stack?

    <p>Returns the top item without removing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the access time of an array compare to that of a linked list?

    <p>Array has O(1) access time, linked list has O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is ideal for scenarios where reversal or tracing back actions is required?

    <p>Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using arrays in terms of size?

    <p>Fixed size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a linked list, what is represented by the 'next' attribute within a Node class?

    <p>A reference to the next node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data structure typically has better cache performance due to locality of reference?

    <p>Array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would you use to check if a stack has no elements?

    <p>IsEmpty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following operations cannot be performed on a stack without first checking its state?

    <p>Pop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory usage do linked lists typically require?

    <p>More memory due to pointers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the complexity of implementing linked lists compared to arrays?

    <p>Complex due to pointer management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which data structure do you typically encounter the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle?

    <p>Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strength of arrays regarding element access?

    <p>Fast access through direct indexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a data structure?

    <p>To organize data for efficient access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes primitive data types?

    <p>Data types supported directly by programming languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes non-linear data structures from linear data structures?

    <p>Non-linear data structures are not arranged in a sequential manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an abstract data type (ADT) primarily define?

    <p>The operations that can be performed on the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a non-primitive data type?

    <p>Array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of linear data structures?

    <p>They operate in a sequential manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of derived non-primitive data types?

    <p>They aggregate multiple elements or data types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about data is incorrect?

    <p>Data does not require classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the method is_full() in the Stack class check?

    <p>If the stack has reached its maximum size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an element is pushed onto a full stack?

    <p>The stack is resized to accommodate the new element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided code, how is the new stack created when resizing?

    <p>By creating an array filled with None of double the current size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process in the INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT model indicate when the top is -1?

    <p>The stack is empty and underflow occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the push method is executed successfully, what does it print after the element is added?

    <p>The current contents of the stack up to the top index.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the stack's size managed upon initialization?

    <p>The stack's initial size can be set and later adjusted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line of code in the push method actually adds an element to the stack?

    <p>self.stack[self.top] = element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the line 'Decrement top by 1' in the INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT model?

    <p>To indicate the last element's index once popped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the peek method return when the stack is empty?

    <p>An IndexError exception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you call the pop method on an empty stack?

    <p>Raises an IndexError exception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a linked list-based stack, what is the purpose of the Node class?

    <p>Create a linked list representation of the stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the is_empty method check for in the LinkedListStack?

    <p>If the top node is None</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the output of the push method in the LinkedListStack upon adding an item?

    <p>The value of the item being pushed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data structure is being implemented in the LinkedListStack?

    <p>Linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the push method update the top of the stack?

    <p>It points the new node to the current top and then assigns it to top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method retrieves the current top item without removing it from the stack?

    <p>peek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What data structure can be differentiated by its operations and structure from a simple array?

    <p>Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the next attribute in the Node class and the stack functionality?

    <p>It points to the next node, forming a chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data

    • Data represents raw facts or information that is processed or stored.
    • Data types classify data specifying what kind of data a variable can hold and the operations that can be performed on that data.
    • Categories include primitive data types (e.g., int, float, char) directly supported by languages.
    • Also, non-primitive data types organize data (e.g., arrays, lists, classes).

    Data Types

    • Data types specify the kind of data and the operations that can be performed on that data.
    • Examples include integer (int) for whole numbers and string (str) for text strings.

    Data Structures

    • Data structures are organized ways to store and manage data for efficient access and modification.
    • Linear data structures are arranged sequentially (e.g., arrays, queues, stacks, linked lists).
    • Non-linear data structures (e.g., graphs, trees) do not have a linear arrangement.

    Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

    • ADTs are conceptual models defining the behavior and operations of a data structure without specifying implementation details.
    • They focus on what operations can be performed, not how data is stored.
    • Rules and behavior for managing data are defined clearly.

    Arrays

    • Arrays are linear data structures where elements of the same data type are stored in contiguous locations in memory.
    • Elements are identified by an index or key.
    • Access time is O(1) meaning it's extremely fast.
    • Resizing is fixed, not dynamically flexible.
    • Insertion/deletion is expensive, requiring shifting of elements to maintain order.

    Linked Lists

    • Linked lists are linear data structures comprised of nodes where each node contains data and a pointer to the next node.
    • Accessing elements requires traversal, making access time O(n), which is slower.
    • Dynamic resizing.
    • Insertion/deletion operation is efficient.

    Stacks

    • Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle.
    • Think of a stack of plates; the last plate added is the first one removed.
    • Operations include push (add to the top), pop (remove from the top), peek (inspect the top without removing it).

    Queues

    • Queues are linear data structures that follow the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle.
    • Think of a line; the first person in line is the first one served.
    • Operations include enqueue (add to the rear), dequeue (remove from the front), peek (view the front without removing, optional).

    Graphs

    • Graphs are non-linear data structures representing relationships between objects (vertices) using edges connecting them.

    Trees

    • Trees are non-linear data structures with a hierarchical relationship.
    • Each node can have multiple children.
    • Examples include family trees, organizational hierarchies.

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