Data Transmission and Error Handling

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens when jitter becomes excessive during transmission?

Transmitting devices may slow down their transmission rates.

Transmitting devices may speed up their transmission rates. (correct)

Transmitting devices maintain a constant transmission rate.

Transmitting devices must adjust their error detection.

What effect does noise during transmission typically have on the transmission rate?

It causes the transmitting station to slow down its transmission rate. (correct)

It requires the station to increase transmission rates.

It allows for faster transmission rates.

It has no significant impact.

What does NAK signify in a communication protocol?

Data integrity check

Positive acknowledgment

Negative acknowledgment (correct)

Error-free transmission

How does the CRC error-detection method treat a packet of data?

As a large polynomial. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately depicts the history of sliding window protocols?

In use since the 1970s Signup and view all the answers

What is the effectiveness of the CRC method in catching transmission errors?

It catches almost 100% of errors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a parity bit assigned to ASCII on the Hamming distance?

No effect on Hamming distance Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT effective in preventing white noise in signal transmission?

Increasing the transmission frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What does TCP do in relation to error detection?

Performs error detection at the endpoints of the connection. Signup and view all the answers

In a stop-and-wait error control system, how does the acknowledgment process work?

ACKs are sent independently for each packet Signup and view all the answers

In a sliding-window error control system, what is the acknowledgment strategy?

Can acknowledge multiple packets at once Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about simple parity is accurate?

It can detect only even numbers of bit errors per character. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first techniques developed for error control?

Returning a message. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the data contained within a data link package?

Payload Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a packet sniffer?

To capture network packets Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model lacks awareness of the meaning of data bits?

Data link layer Signup and view all the answers

Can long messages be broken into smaller packets that travel across a network on different routes?

Yes, they can be sent in distinct packets with their own routes. Signup and view all the answers

Is it possible to eliminate white noise entirely?

No, it can only be reduced significantly. Signup and view all the answers

Is white noise influenced by the temperature of its medium?

Yes, warmer temperatures increase white noise levels. Signup and view all the answers

Is removing an impulse spike from an analog signal a straightforward process?

No, it can affect the original signal. Signup and view all the answers

Can an original digital signal often be recognized and recovered after impulse noise interference?

No, it can often be unrecognizable. Signup and view all the answers

Is noise a concern for both analog and digital signals?

Yes, both types are affected similarly. Signup and view all the answers

Was telephone signal crosstalk a bigger issue before the adoption of fiber-optic cables?

Yes, crosstalk was common with older technologies. Signup and view all the answers

Does echo error frequently occur at junctions where wires are connected?

Yes, it is a common issue. Signup and view all the answers

What does the physical layer lack regarding the data bits being transmitted?

Awareness of data meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a data frame?

To wrap the message for transmission Signup and view all the answers

How does creating a data frame affect the transmission of bits?

It increases the number of bits transmitted Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the protocols used by sender and receiver of a data link frame is true?

They must be identical Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the payload in a frame?

The data that needs to be transmitted Signup and view all the answers

What type of address does the transport layer header contain?

A port number Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding header fields is incorrect?

They always have fixed sizes Signup and view all the answers

Where is the MAC address typically found within networking headers?

In the data link layer header Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the TCP/IP model is primarily associated with network access?

Network access/data link Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of data packets a station with a maximum window size of 7 can transmit before waiting for acknowledgment?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use for parity checks in systems?

Data storage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parity produces an even number of binary 1s in a string?

Even Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol simply informs the transmitter what piece of data is expected next?

Sliding window Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a receiver to correct an error with redundant information?

Forward error correction Signup and view all the answers

Isolated single-bit errors occur approximately what percentage of the time?

50 to 60 Signup and view all the answers

If a receiver correctly receives packets 2, 3, and 4, how will it respond?

ACK 5 Signup and view all the answers

Error bursts are typically found in what percentage range?

10 to 20 Signup and view all the answers

Longitudinal parity is also known as what type of parity?

Horizontal Signup and view all the answers

When a receiver receives a packet of data with bytes numbered 600 to 700, what will it respond with?

ACK of 701 Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the bits at the beginning and end of a data signal that package the data for network transmission?

Frame Signup and view all the answers

An arithmetic checksum performs what operation on the individual characters to be transmitted?

Adds Signup and view all the answers

What is the industry-approved bit string used to create the CRC remainder called?

Generator polynomial Signup and view all the answers

Which layer's header contains port addresses for both the sender and receiver devices?

Transport layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sliding window protocol in data transmission?

To allow multiple packets to be sent without waiting for acknowledgment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Frames and Errors

The physical layer has no understanding of the meaning of transmitted data bits.
A data frame wraps a message, like an envelope around a letter.
Creating a data frame increments the number of bits that need transmitting.
The sender and receiver must use the same protocol for data link frames.
The payload section of a frame contains the actual data.
The transport layer header contains the receiver's port number.

Protocols and Headers

Each protocol's header fields vary.
The MAC address is typically part of the data link layer header.
Error detection information isn't in the trailer section of a data link frame.
Long messages are broken into smaller packets for network transmission.

Noise and Signal Issues

White noise is continuous and partially reducible but not completely eliminable.
White noise correlates with the medium's temperature.
Removing impulse noise from an analog signal is not straightforward.
Impulse noise often hinders digital signal recognition and recovery.
Noise negatively affects both analog and digital signals.
Crosstalk was more prevalent in older telecommunication systems.
Echo errors commonly occur at wire junctions.

Error Detection and Correction

Jitter correction in transmitting devices can adjust transmission rates.
Signal attenuation is offset with repeaters for analog systems.
Extra noise often prompts slower transmission rates.
Adding special filters improves analog and digital signal control and helps prevent white noise.
TCP performs error detection at the connection endpoints.

Parity and CRC Methods

Simple parity only detects an even number of erroneous bits per character.
CRC detection treats data packets as polynomials.
CRC methods achieve near perfect error detection.
Returning messages were early error-control techniques.
ACK represents a positive acknowledgment.
Sliding windows are error-control protocols active since the 1970s.

Additional Transmission Concepts

Parity bit assignment with ASCII increases Hamming distance to 4.
Network protocols often use arithmetic checksums or CRC to identify errors.
Ethernet headers include destination MAC addresses.
Transport headers use port numbers for destination addresses.
White noise is equivalent to thermal noise, a Gaussian type.
Impulse noise is equivalent to noise spikes.
Transmission errors often occur because of signal jitter.
Shielding reduces crosstalk.
Electromagnetic interference causes jitters and other errors.
Error-detecting and correcting methods are in place to reduce issues.
Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait, or sliding windows help.
Transmission errors increase with the complexity of transmission/reception.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of data frames, protocols, and error detection in data transmission. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the data link layer, message protocols, and signal noise issues. Make sure to brush up on the key terms and their implications.