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Questions and Answers
The physical layer has no awareness of the meaning of the data bits being transmitted.
The physical layer has no awareness of the meaning of the data bits being transmitted.
True
The function of a data frame is to wrap the message, just like an envelope wraps a letter in regular mail.
The function of a data frame is to wrap the message, just like an envelope wraps a letter in regular mail.
True
Creating a data frame does not increase the number of bits to be transmitted.
Creating a data frame does not increase the number of bits to be transmitted.
False
The sender and receiver of a data link frame do not need to be using the same protocol.
The sender and receiver of a data link frame do not need to be using the same protocol.
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The part of a frame that holds the actual data that needs to be transmitted is called a payload.
The part of a frame that holds the actual data that needs to be transmitted is called a payload.
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The transport layer header contains as receiver address a port number.
The transport layer header contains as receiver address a port number.
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The fields of each header do not vary depending on the protocol that creates the header.
The fields of each header do not vary depending on the protocol that creates the header.
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The MAC address usually appears in the transport layer header.
The MAC address usually appears in the transport layer header.
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The trailer part of a data link frame never holds error detection information.
The trailer part of a data link frame never holds error detection information.
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Long messages can be broken into smaller ones that are sent in distinct packets that each have its own route across a network.
Long messages can be broken into smaller ones that are sent in distinct packets that each have its own route across a network.
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Because white noise is relatively continuous, it can be reduced significantly but never completely eliminated.
Because white noise is relatively continuous, it can be reduced significantly but never completely eliminated.
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White noise is dependent on the temperature of the medium.
White noise is dependent on the temperature of the medium.
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Simple parity can detect only an even number of erroneous bits per character.
Simple parity can detect only an even number of erroneous bits per character.
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The CRC error-detection method treats the packet of data to be transmitted as a large polynomial.
The CRC error-detection method treats the packet of data to be transmitted as a large polynomial.
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The CRC method catches almost 100% of errors.
The CRC method catches almost 100% of errors.
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Returning a message was one of the first error-control techniques developed.
Returning a message was one of the first error-control techniques developed.
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NAK represents a positive acknowledgment.
NAK represents a positive acknowledgment.
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Sliding window protocols have been around since the 1970s.
Sliding window protocols have been around since the 1970s.
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When a parity bit is assigned to ASCII, the Hamming distance becomes 4.
When a parity bit is assigned to ASCII, the Hamming distance becomes 4.
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In a stop-and-wait error control system, a receiver may acknowledge multiple packets with a single ACK.
In a stop-and-wait error control system, a receiver may acknowledge multiple packets with a single ACK.
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In a sliding-window error control system, a receiver may acknowledge multiple packets with a single ACK.
In a sliding-window error control system, a receiver may acknowledge multiple packets with a single ACK.
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A tool called _______ can capture packets as they traverse a network.
A tool called _______ can capture packets as they traverse a network.
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The data contained within a data link package is called _______.
The data contained within a data link package is called _______.
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_______ layer has no awareness of the meaning of the data bits being transmitted.
_______ layer has no awareness of the meaning of the data bits being transmitted.
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In the Ethernet header, the destination address is a _______.
In the Ethernet header, the destination address is a _______.
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In the Transport header, the destination address is a _______.
In the Transport header, the destination address is a _______.
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White noise is also called thermal noise or _______ noise.
White noise is also called thermal noise or _______ noise.
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Impulse Noise is also known as _______.
Impulse Noise is also known as _______.
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Typically, impulse noise is a(n) _______ burst of energy.
Typically, impulse noise is a(n) _______ burst of energy.
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High humidity and wet weather can cause an increase in electrical _______ over a telephone system.
High humidity and wet weather can cause an increase in electrical _______ over a telephone system.
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To minimize the effect of echo, a device called a(n) _______ can be attached to a line.
To minimize the effect of echo, a device called a(n) _______ can be attached to a line.
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_______ is the result of small timing irregularities that become magnified during the transmission of digital signals as the signals are passed from one device to another.
_______ is the result of small timing irregularities that become magnified during the transmission of digital signals as the signals are passed from one device to another.
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Causes of jitter can include electromagnetic interference, _______ passing the signal through too many repeaters, and the use of lower-quality equipment.
Causes of jitter can include electromagnetic interference, _______ passing the signal through too many repeaters, and the use of lower-quality equipment.
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_______ is not necessarily a form of error, but can indirectly lead to an increase in errors affecting the transmitted signal.
_______ is not necessarily a form of error, but can indirectly lead to an increase in errors affecting the transmitted signal.
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_______ means that if the transmitting modem sends data and the data arrives garbled, the receiving modem may ask the transmitting modem to fall back to a slower transmission speed.
_______ means that if the transmitting modem sends data and the data arrives garbled, the receiving modem may ask the transmitting modem to fall back to a slower transmission speed.
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_______ noise that happens with twisted pair wires, such as an Ethernet cable, can be electrical.
_______ noise that happens with twisted pair wires, such as an Ethernet cable, can be electrical.
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Installing proper shielding on cables prevents _______.
Installing proper shielding on cables prevents _______.
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Error detection can be performed in several places within a communications model. One of the most common places is the TCP/IP _______ layer.
Error detection can be performed in several places within a communications model. One of the most common places is the TCP/IP _______ layer.
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The most basic error-detection techniques are parity checks, which are also used for _______ systems.
The most basic error-detection techniques are parity checks, which are also used for _______ systems.
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With _______ parity, the 0 or 1 added to the string produces an even number of binary 1s.
With _______ parity, the 0 or 1 added to the string produces an even number of binary 1s.
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Isolated single-bit errors occur _______ percent of the time.
Isolated single-bit errors occur _______ percent of the time.
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Error bursts occur _______ percent of the time.
Error bursts occur _______ percent of the time.
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Longitudinal parity is sometimes called longitudinal redundancy check or _______ parity.
Longitudinal parity is sometimes called longitudinal redundancy check or _______ parity.
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An arithmetic checksum _______ the individual characters to be transmitted.
An arithmetic checksum _______ the individual characters to be transmitted.
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A _______ is an industry-approved bit string used to create the CRC remainder.
A _______ is an industry-approved bit string used to create the CRC remainder.
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Many wide area network protocols use _______ for error-detection.
Many wide area network protocols use _______ for error-detection.
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_______ cable is the medium least prone to generating errors.
_______ cable is the medium least prone to generating errors.
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_______ is probably the most common form of error control.
_______ is probably the most common form of error control.
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_______ error control is a technique usually associated with the Stop-and-wait flow control protocol.
_______ error control is a technique usually associated with the Stop-and-wait flow control protocol.
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When working with stop-and-wait error control, the amount of time a station waits before retransmitting a packet is called _______.
When working with stop-and-wait error control, the amount of time a station waits before retransmitting a packet is called _______.
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_______ is a flow-control scheme that allows a station to transmit a number of data packets at one time before receiving some form of acknowledgment.
_______ is a flow-control scheme that allows a station to transmit a number of data packets at one time before receiving some form of acknowledgment.
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With the sliding window protocol, a station that had a maximum window size of 7 could transmit only _______ data packets at one time before it had to stop and wait for an acknowledgment.
With the sliding window protocol, a station that had a maximum window size of 7 could transmit only _______ data packets at one time before it had to stop and wait for an acknowledgment.
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A _______ protocol's function is simply to inform the transmitter what piece of data is expected next.
A _______ protocol's function is simply to inform the transmitter what piece of data is expected next.
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For a receiver to be able to fix an error in a process called _______ -redundant information must be present so that the receiver knows which bit or bits are in error and what their original values were.
For a receiver to be able to fix an error in a process called _______ -redundant information must be present so that the receiver knows which bit or bits are in error and what their original values were.
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If a receiver correctly receives packets 2, 3, and 4, it will respond with a(an) _______.
If a receiver correctly receives packets 2, 3, and 4, it will respond with a(an) _______.
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If a receiver has just received one packet of data with bytes numbered 600 to 700, it will respond immediately with _______.
If a receiver has just received one packet of data with bytes numbered 600 to 700, it will respond immediately with _______.
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Bits at the beginning and end of the data signal serve as a package for the data as it traverses a network connection. This package is called a(n) _______.
Bits at the beginning and end of the data signal serve as a package for the data as it traverses a network connection. This package is called a(n) _______.
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The header of the _______ layer has port addresses for both the sender and receiver devices.
The header of the _______ layer has port addresses for both the sender and receiver devices.
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The header of the _______ layer follows the Internet Protocol.
The header of the _______ layer follows the Internet Protocol.
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Study Notes
Data Frames and Errors
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The physical layer isn't concerned with the meaning of transmitted data bits.
-
A data frame wraps a message, similar to an envelope around a letter.
-
Creating a data frame increases the number of bits to be transmitted.
-
The sender and receiver of a data link frame need to use the same protocol.
-
The payload section of a frame holds the actual data to be transmitted.
-
The transport layer header includes a port number as the receiver address.
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Protocol header fields change depending on the protocol that created them.
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The MAC address does not reside in the transport layer header.
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The trailer part of a data link frame contains error detection information.
-
Long messages are broken down into smaller packets, each with its own route through a network.
-
White noise can be reduced but not entirely eliminated.
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White noise depends on the temperature of the medium.
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Impulse spikes and noise can make analog signals hard to recover.
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Problems with impulse noise impacting digital signals can render them irrecoverable.
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Noise affects both analog and digital signals and is a problem for both kinds.
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Telephone signal crosstalk was more prevalent before fiber optic cable use due to less shielding.
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Echo errors commonly occur at wire junctions.
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Jitter in data transmission can cause transmission rates to increase.
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Repeater use helps remove attenuation from analog signals.
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Noise during transmission often requires the sender to slow down its transmission rate.
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Data link, physical, and network layer connections handle different types of error detection.
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TCP performs error detection at communication endpoints.
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Simple parity detects an even number of erroneous bits.
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CRC error detection treats data as a polynomial.
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CRC is highly effective in catching transmission errors.
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Returning a message was one of the first error-control methods.
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NAK, when encountered, is not a positive acknowledgment of data transmission.
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Sliding window protocols have had long use in data transmission.
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Properly shielding wires prevents crosstalk.
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The Hamming distance is affected when parity bits are assigned to ASCII data.
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Error detection of data packets requires specific actions for optimal reliability.
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Many protocols have their own schemes for error data detection.
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Parity bit use is directly tied to the Hamming distance (even errors).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of data frames and error handling within networking protocols. It includes details about the structure of data frames, the importance of the transport layer, and the effects of noise on signal transmission. Test your understanding of these fundamental networking concepts.
