Data Structures Types

Data Structures

Types of Data Structures

• Arrays: A collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory locations.
• Linked Lists: A dynamic collection of elements, where each element points to the next element.
• Stacks: A Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) data structure, where elements are added and removed from the top.
• Queues: A First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure, where elements are added to the end and removed from the front.
• Trees: A hierarchical data structure, where each node has a value and zero or more child nodes.
• Graphs: A non-linear data structure, where nodes are connected by edges.

Operations on Data Structures

• Insertion: Adding a new element to the data structure.
• Deletion: Removing an element from the data structure.
• Traversal: Iterating through the elements of the data structure.
• Searching: Finding a specific element in the data structure.

Computer Architecture

Components of a Computer System

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.
• Memory: Stores data and program instructions.
• Input/Output (I/O) Devices: Allow users to interact with the computer.
• Bus: A communication pathway that connects components.

CPU Architecture

• Instruction Cycle: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store instructions.
• Register Organization: Small amount of on-chip memory that stores data temporarily.
• Pipelining: Breaking down the instruction cycle into stages to increase performance.

Memory Hierarchy

• Main Memory: Large, slower memory that stores data and programs.
• Cache Memory: Small, fast memory that stores frequently used data.
• Virtual Memory: Uses disk storage to supplement main memory.

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• Instruction Format: Specifies the format of an instruction, including opcode, operands, and addressing modes.
• Addressing Modes: Specify how to access memory, including immediate, register, and indirect modes.

Note: These notes provide a concise overview of the key concepts in data structures and computer architecture. They are meant to serve as a starting point for further study and exploration.

Data Structures

Types of Data Structures

• Arrays: Store elements of the same data type in contiguous memory locations, allowing for efficient random access and iteration.
• Linked Lists: Dynamically allocate and deallocate memory, enabling efficient insertion and deletion of elements, with each element pointing to the next.
• Stacks: Implement Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) behavior, where elements are added and removed from the top, facilitating efficient implementation of recursive algorithms.
• Queues: Implement First-In-First-Out (FIFO) behavior, where elements are added to the end and removed from the front, enabling efficient job scheduling and print queues.
• Trees: Organize data in a hierarchical structure, where each node has a value and zero or more child nodes, facilitating efficient searching, insertion, and deletion.
• Graphs: Represent non-linear relationships between nodes, connected by edges, enabling efficient modeling of complex systems.

Operations on Data Structures

• Insertion: Add new elements to a data structure, considering factors such as efficiency, memory allocation, and data structure balance.
• Deletion: Remove elements from a data structure, ensuring efficient memory deallocation and maintaining data structure balance.
• Traversal: Iterate through elements of a data structure, using algorithms such as breadth-first or depth-first search.
• Searching: Find specific elements within a data structure, using algorithms such as linear search or binary search.

Computer Architecture

Components of a Computer System

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls the flow of data.
• Memory: Stores data and program instructions, with varying levels of access time and storage capacity.
• Input/Output (I/O) Devices: Enable user interaction with the computer, including keyboards, displays, and storage devices.
• Bus: Facilitates communication between components, enabling data transfer and control signals.

CPU Architecture

• Instruction Cycle: Fetch instructions from memory, decode them, execute them, and store the results.
• Register Organization: Utilize small, on-chip memory to store data temporarily, reducing memory access latency.
• Pipelining: Divide the instruction cycle into stages, increasing performance by enabling concurrent execution of instructions.

Memory Hierarchy

• Main Memory: Provide large, slower storage for data and programs, with access times ranging from milliseconds to seconds.
• Cache Memory: Offer small, fast storage for frequently used data, reducing memory access latency and improving performance.
• Virtual Memory: Supplement main memory with disk storage, enabling efficient use of system resources.

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• Instruction Format: Specify the format of an instruction, including opcode, operands, and addressing modes, to ensure efficient execution.
• Addressing Modes: Define how to access memory, including immediate, register, and indirect modes, enabling flexible and efficient memory access.