Data Structures and Algorithms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

  • Increased absorption of vitamin B12
  • Genetic predisposition to vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Impaired absorption of vitamin B12 (correct)
  • Increased excretion of vitamin B12

    • What type of anemia can result from vitamin B12 deficiency?

  • Normocytic anemia
  • Megaloblastic anemia (correct)
  • Microcytic anemia
  • Hemolytic anemia

    • What is a potential neurological consequence of vitamin B12 deficiency?

  • Paresthesias and reduced DTRs (correct)
  • Paresthesias and increased DTRs
  • Seizures and tremors
  • Muscle weakness and atrophy

    • What is a risk factor for developing vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Megaloblastic and macrocytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Irreversible neurological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism by which vitamin B12 deficiency can occur?

    <p>Impaired absorption of vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Anemia and neurological damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition that can increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Celiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ezetimibe (Zetia) primarily used for?

    <p>To lower LDL cholesterol levels in addition to a statin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Nitroglycerin?

    <p>Acting directly on vascular smooth muscle to promote vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) associated with?

    <p>High risk for AASCVD and DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Ranolazine (Ranexa)?

    <p>To treat chronic angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Nitroglycerin on veins?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Nitric oxide produced in vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>Through the conversion of nitrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common combination therapy for chronic angina?

    <p>Nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Ranolazine (Ranexa) in myocardial cells?

    <p>Reducing Na and Ca in myocardial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Ezetimibe and statins?

    <p>Ezetimibe is used in combination with statins to lower LDL cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using Ezetimibe (Zetia) in addition to a statin?

    <p>To lower LDL cholesterol levels further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the medication mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To manage chronic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of the medication mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Affecting the QT wave in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a use of the medication mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Treating acute angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Indications for Ezetimibe (Zetia)

    • Used in addition to a statin to lower cholesterol levels
    • Indications for use are not specified, but it is used to reduce cholesterol levels

    Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X)

    • A group of metabolic abnormalities associated with high risk for AASCVD and DM II
    • Characteristics include:
      • Abdominal obesity
      • Insulin resistance
      • Hypertension
      • Dyslipidemia
    • Diagnosis involves identifying at least three of these characteristics

    Nitroglycerin

    • Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to promote vasodilation (mostly in veins)
    • Nitrate gets taken up by VSM and converted to nitric oxide

    Ranolazine (Ranexa)

    • Reduces Na and Ca in myocardial cells
    • Used for 1st line treatment of chronic angina
    • Often combined with nitrates, BBs, CCBs
    • Requires EKG and renal function monitoring prior to starting due to the drug affecting the QT wave
    • Does not treat acute angina, but rather chronic management

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Presenting symptoms include:
      • Anemia
      • Injury to the nervous system (neurologic damage may never resolve)
    • In most cases, vitamin B12 deficiency is the result of impaired absorption
    • Causes include:
      • Regional enteritis
      • Celiac disease
      • Antibodies against intrinsic factor
      • Bariatric surgery
    • Can cause a megaloblastic and macrocytic anemia
    • Causes demyelination of neurons, leading to paresthesias and reduced DTRs, later leading to loss of memory, mood changes, hallucinations, and psychosis

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