23 Questions
What is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Impaired absorption of vitamin B12
What type of anemia can result from vitamin B12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia
What is a potential neurological consequence of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Paresthesias and reduced DTRs
What is a risk factor for developing vitamin B12 deficiency?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of the anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic and macrocytic
What is a potential consequence of untreated vitamin B12 deficiency?
Irreversible neurological damage
What is a mechanism by which vitamin B12 deficiency can occur?
Impaired absorption of vitamin B12
What is a symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?
All of the above
What is a complication of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Anemia and neurological damage
What is a condition that can increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Celiac disease
What is Ezetimibe (Zetia) primarily used for?
To lower LDL cholesterol levels in addition to a statin
What is the primary mechanism of action of Nitroglycerin?
Acting directly on vascular smooth muscle to promote vasodilation
What is Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) associated with?
High risk for AASCVD and DM
What is the primary indication for Ranolazine (Ranexa)?
To treat chronic angina
What is the effect of Nitroglycerin on veins?
Vasodilation
How is Nitric oxide produced in vascular smooth muscle?
Through the conversion of nitrates
What is a common combination therapy for chronic angina?
Nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers
What is the primary action of Ranolazine (Ranexa) in myocardial cells?
Reducing Na and Ca in myocardial cells
What is the main difference between Ezetimibe and statins?
Ezetimibe is used in combination with statins to lower LDL cholesterol levels
What is the primary goal of using Ezetimibe (Zetia) in addition to a statin?
To lower LDL cholesterol levels further
What is the main purpose of the medication mentioned in the passage?
To manage chronic conditions
What is a potential side effect of the medication mentioned in the passage?
Affecting the QT wave in the heart
What is not a use of the medication mentioned in the passage?
Treating acute angina
Study Notes
Indications for Ezetimibe (Zetia)
- Used in addition to a statin to lower cholesterol levels
- Indications for use are not specified, but it is used to reduce cholesterol levels
Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X)
- A group of metabolic abnormalities associated with high risk for AASCVD and DM II
- Characteristics include:
- Abdominal obesity
- Insulin resistance
- Hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- Diagnosis involves identifying at least three of these characteristics
Nitroglycerin
- Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to promote vasodilation (mostly in veins)
- Nitrate gets taken up by VSM and converted to nitric oxide
Ranolazine (Ranexa)
- Reduces Na and Ca in myocardial cells
- Used for 1st line treatment of chronic angina
- Often combined with nitrates, BBs, CCBs
- Requires EKG and renal function monitoring prior to starting due to the drug affecting the QT wave
- Does not treat acute angina, but rather chronic management
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Presenting symptoms include:
- Anemia
- Injury to the nervous system (neurologic damage may never resolve)
- In most cases, vitamin B12 deficiency is the result of impaired absorption
- Causes include:
- Regional enteritis
- Celiac disease
- Antibodies against intrinsic factor
- Bariatric surgery
- Can cause a megaloblastic and macrocytic anemia
- Causes demyelination of neurons, leading to paresthesias and reduced DTRs, later leading to loss of memory, mood changes, hallucinations, and psychosis
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