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Questions and Answers
What type of data structure retrieves the first element that was added?
What type of data structure retrieves the first element that was added?
- Heap
- Priority Queue
- Stack
- Queue (correct)
Which data structure is best suited for LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) operations?
Which data structure is best suited for LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) operations?
- Set
- Tree
- Queue
- Stack (correct)
What distinguishes a priority queue from a regular queue?
What distinguishes a priority queue from a regular queue?
- Elements are processed based on their order of addition.
- Elements are stored in random order.
- Elements are stored without any specific order.
- Elements are processed based on their priority. (correct)
Which algorithm design paradigm involves breaking a problem into smaller subproblems?
Which algorithm design paradigm involves breaking a problem into smaller subproblems?
What is the defining characteristic of a linked list?
What is the defining characteristic of a linked list?
Which of the following structures represents a hierarchical relationship?
Which of the following structures represents a hierarchical relationship?
What occurs in recursion?
What occurs in recursion?
Which structure allows for the reuse of results from overlapping subproblems?
Which structure allows for the reuse of results from overlapping subproblems?
What can an infinite recursion potentially cause in a program?
What can an infinite recursion potentially cause in a program?
Which type of recursion involves a function calling itself twice?
Which type of recursion involves a function calling itself twice?
What are the main operations defined for an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?
What are the main operations defined for an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?
What is a potential disadvantage of using iterative solutions compared to recursive solutions?
What is a potential disadvantage of using iterative solutions compared to recursive solutions?
Which characteristic of an algorithm ensures it will conclude after a defined number of steps?
Which characteristic of an algorithm ensures it will conclude after a defined number of steps?
What typically distinguishes mutual recursion?
What typically distinguishes mutual recursion?
What defines a linear data structure?
What defines a linear data structure?
What is a feature of linked lists compared to arrays?
What is a feature of linked lists compared to arrays?
What is an abstract data type (ADT)?
What is an abstract data type (ADT)?
Which recursion method determines if an integer is even or odd?
Which recursion method determines if an integer is even or odd?
What is the main risk associated with an infinite loop?
What is the main risk associated with an infinite loop?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using an ADT?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using an ADT?
What describes how an array's size is defined at declaration?
What describes how an array's size is defined at declaration?
Which part of an ADT is considered public or external?
Which part of an ADT is considered public or external?
Which of the following describes non-linear data structures?
Which of the following describes non-linear data structures?
What is meant by 'definiteness' in the context of algorithm characteristics?
What is meant by 'definiteness' in the context of algorithm characteristics?
What term is used to refer to the first node in a linked list?
What term is used to refer to the first node in a linked list?
Which part of a node in a linked list stores the address of the next node?
Which part of a node in a linked list stores the address of the next node?
In which type of linked list does each node contain a pointer to both the next and the previous node?
In which type of linked list does each node contain a pointer to both the next and the previous node?
What does the last node in a singly linked list point to?
What does the last node in a singly linked list point to?
How are elements in a linked list accessed?
How are elements in a linked list accessed?
What does the pointer field of a node in a doubly linked list contain?
What does the pointer field of a node in a doubly linked list contain?
Which of the following statements about linked lists is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about linked lists is incorrect?
What does the left pointer in a node of a doubly linked list represent?
What does the left pointer in a node of a doubly linked list represent?
What is the primary function of the 'Insert' operation in a linked list?
What is the primary function of the 'Insert' operation in a linked list?
In a circular linked list, what does the right pointer of the last node contain?
In a circular linked list, what does the right pointer of the last node contain?
Which operation would you use to find a specific element in a linked list?
Which operation would you use to find a specific element in a linked list?
What distinguishes a linked list from an array in terms of element management?
What distinguishes a linked list from an array in terms of element management?
Which field in the first node of a linked list indicates the end of the list?
Which field in the first node of a linked list indicates the end of the list?
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Study Notes
Data Structures
- Data structures organize and store data, enabling efficient access and modifications.
- Abstract Data Type (ADT) provides a logical description of data along with the operations permitted.
Types of Data Structures
- Linear Data Structures: Elements accessed sequentially; arranged unsystematically.
- Non-Linear Data Structures: Accessed in a non-sequential manner.
Key Operations for ADTs
- Initializing: Setting up the data structure.
- Adding: Inserting new data.
- Accessing: Retrieving data.
- Removing: Deleting data.
Characteristics of Algorithms
- Finiteness: An algorithm must end after a defined number of steps.
- Definiteness: Instructions must be clear and unambiguous.
- Input: Should accept zero or more defined data inputs.
- Output: Must yield one or more results connected to inputs.
- Uniqueness: Results at each stage depend on inputs and prior outcomes.
Elements of an Algorithm
- Sequential operations dictate the flow of actions.
- Iteration refers to repeating actions multiple times.
- Actions can include recursion, where functions call themselves.
Algorithm Design Paradigms
- Divide and Conquer: Breaks problems into smaller, manageable subproblems.
- Greedy Algorithms: At each step, the best immediate choice is made.
- Dynamic Programming: Similar to Divide and Conquer, reuses results of overlapping subproblems.
Types of Abstract Data Types
- Linked List: Stores separate data elements, with connections via pointers.
- Singly Linked List: Basic structure with one pointer per node.
- Doubly Linked List: Includes two pointers; one to next and one to previous node.
- Circular Linked List: Last node points back to the first node.
- Stack: Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) structure.
- Queue: First-In, First-Out (FIFO) structure.
- Tree: Hierarchical representation of data.
- Priority Queue: Elements processed based on custom priority.
- Heap: A complete binary tree where the parent nodes are either higher or lower than child nodes.
- Set: Contains unique elements.
Linked List Basics
- Composed of nodes, each containing a data field and a pointer field.
- Nodes are accessed sequentially, allowing dynamic memory utilization.
- Head points to the first node, with the last node pointing to null.
Comparison: Linked List vs. Array
- Linked lists can grow and shrink dynamically; arrays have fixed sizes upon creation.
- Linked lists allow random memory allocation; arrays require pre-defined positions.
Recursion
- Binary Recursion: Function calls itself twice.
- Mutual Recursion: Functions call one another in pairs for evaluation.
Key Characteristics of Linked Lists
- Efficient memory utilization compared to static arrays.
- Operations include display, insert, delete, count, and search actions.
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