Data Representation and Types Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of these are advantages of parallel transmission?

  • It is less prone to interference.
  • It requires less complex synchronization mechanisms.
  • It has faster data transfer rates. (correct)
  • It is suitable for long distances.

What is the primary function of the Control Unit (CU) in a CPU?

  • Managing the execution of instructions. (correct)
  • Holding the address of the next instruction to be executed.
  • Performing arithmetic calculations.
  • Storing intermediate results of calculations.

Which type of memory is used to temporarily store programs and data that are currently being used by the computer?

  • Solid-State Drive (SSD)
  • Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
  • Random Access Memory (RAM) (correct)
  • Read-Only Memory (ROM)

What is the main difference between lossy and lossless compression?

<p>Lossy compression removes some data permanently while lossless compression compresses data without loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common input device?

<p>Monitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data transmission mode is best suited for long distances?

<p>Serial transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an advantage of synchronous transmission over asynchronous transmission?

<p>It is more efficient for high-speed transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of error detection method?

<p>Encryption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption?

<p>Symmetric encryption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

<p>3D printing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 11?

<p>1011 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these data storage units is the largest?

<p>Megabyte (MB) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number 1010?

<p>A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of images, what does "resolution" refer to?

<p>The number of pixels in an image (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Unicode?

<p>To ensure that every character has a unique numerical representation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal number 2A?

<p>42 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using hexadecimal in computer systems?

<p>Simplifying binary representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In digital sound, what does "bit depth" refer to?

<p>The number of bits used to represent each sound sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a common application of hexadecimal in computer systems?

<p>Storing sound data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a benefit of using higher resolution images?

<p>Greater detail and clarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Binary System

A numbering system using two symbols, 0 and 1.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Divide the decimal by 2 repeatedly and record remainders.

Hexadecimal System

A numbering system that uses sixteen symbols (0-9, A-F).

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

Group binary digits into sets of four and convert.

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ASCII

American Standard Code for representing characters using 7 or 8 bits.

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Pixels

Smallest unit of a digital image, representing a single color.

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Color Depth

Number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel.

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Sampling in Sound

Converting analog sound waves into digital data by measuring at intervals.

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Bit Depth in Sound

Number of bits used for each audio sample; higher means better quality.

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Data Storage Units

Bit, Nibble (4 bits), Byte (8 bits), KB (1024 bytes), MB (1024 KB).

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Gigabyte (GB)

A unit of digital information equivalent to 1024 megabytes.

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Terabyte (TB)

A unit of digital information equivalent to 1024 gigabytes.

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Lossy Compression

Data compression that removes some data permanently for smaller file size, like JPEG images.

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Lossless Compression

Data compression that retains all original data, allowing for perfect reconstruction, like ZIP files.

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Serial Transmission

Sends bits one after another over a single channel, suitable for long distances.

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Parallel Transmission

Sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple channels, faster but limited to short distances.

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Asynchronous Transmission

Data is sent with start and stop bits, allowing the receiver to identify segments.

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Synchronous Transmission

Data is sent continuously, synchronized by a clock signal without start and stop bits.

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Parity Checking

Error detection method that uses even or odd counts of bits to identify errors.

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Encryption

The process of converting data into a secure format to prevent unauthorized access during transmission.

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Study Notes

1. Data Representation

  • Binary system uses 0s and 1s to represent all computer data
  • Decimal to binary conversion: Repeatedly divide by 2, record remainders
  • Binary to decimal conversion: Multiply each binary digit by 2 raised to its position index and sum
  • Hexadecimal (base-16) simplifies binary representation using 0-9 and A-F
  • Binary to hexadecimal conversion: Group binary digits into sets of four
  • Hexadecimal to binary conversion: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent
  • Decimal to hexadecimal conversion: Repeatedly divide by 16, record remainders
  • Hexadecimal to decimal conversion: Multiply each digit by 16 raised to its position and sum
  • Hexadecimal applications include memory addresses, color codes (HTML/CSS), and MAC addresses

1.2 Data Types

  • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): Represents characters using 7 or 8 bits
  • Unicode: Represents every character with a unique number, supporting international languages
  • Images are made of pixels, representing single colors, with higher resolution having more detail
  • Higher color depth means more colors used for a pixel. 1 bit = black/white, 24-bit= 16 million colors
  • Sound is sampled: measuring amplitude at regular intervals
  • Sample rate (Hz) measures samples per second
  • Bit depth affects sound quality (higher is better for quality)

1.3 Data Storage

  • Bit: Binary digit (0 or 1)
  • Nibble: 4 bits
  • Byte: 8 bits
  • KB: 1024 bytes
  • MB: 1024 KB
  • GB: 1024 MB
  • TB: 1024 GB
  • Data Compression:
    • Lossy compression permanently removes some data (e.g., JPEG)
    • Lossless compression does not lose any data (e.g., ZIP)

2. Data Transmission

2.1 Transmission Modes

  • Serial Transmission: Bits sent one after another over a single channel. Suitable for long distances, less interference (e.g., USB).
  • Parallel Transmission: Multiple bits sent simultaneously over multiple channels. Faster, but not suitable for long distances due to signal skew (e.g., internal computer transfer)

2.2 Synchronization

  • Asynchronous Transmission: Data sent with start/stop bits for each byte, allowing the receiver to understand when bits start/end. Used in serial ports.
  • Synchronous Transmission: Data sent in a continuous stream, synchronized by a clock signal. More efficient for high-speed transmission (e.g., network communications)

2.3 Error Detection

  • Parity Checking: Even or odd number of 1s to detect errors, but incomplete error detection
  • Checksums: Summing all bytes, sending the value; receiver recalculates to verify integrity.
  • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): More complex method using polynomial division; detects burst errors more effectively.

2.4 Data Transmission Security

  • Encryption protects data during transmission from unauthorized access
    • Symmetric: Same key for encryption/decryption
    • Asymmetric: Public key for encryption, private key for decryption

3. Hardware

3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

  • Control Unit (CU): Manages instruction execution.
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic.
  • Registers: Fast storage locations in the CPU.
  • Program Counter (PC): Holds next instruction address.
  • Accumulator: Stores intermediate results.
  • Fetch-Execute Cycle: Fetches, decodes, executes instructions

3.2 Memory

  • RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory for currently used data/programs. Data lost when power off; read and write;
  • ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory for essential system instructions. Data retained without power, stores firmware/boot programs.

3.3 Input and Output Devices

  • Input: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.
  • Output: Monitor, printer, speakers, projector.

3.4 Storage Devices

  • Magnetic Storage: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Large capacity; mechanical parts, susceptible to wear.
  • Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Flash memory, no moving parts; faster access, more durable
  • Optical Storage (CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays): Use lasers to read/write data; software, music, movies distribution

3.5 Emerging Technologies

  • 3D Printing: Rapid prototyping, customized production (manufacturing, medicine, architecture).
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): Simulation of human intelligence by machines (virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, data analysis). Considerations include ethical implications and job displacement.

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