Data Representation and Binary Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit of data representation?

Bit

How many bits make up a byte?

8

What is the primary purpose of data representation in computers?

To store, process, and communicate information in a format that both humans and computers can understand

What is a binary digit called?

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of values that can be represented with n bits is 2^n.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting binary to decimal called?

<p>Radix conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does binary representation (0 and 1) align with the way computers operate?

<p>Computers operate on electrical signals which have two possible states: ON (1) or OFF (0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of measuring the amplitude of an analog signal at regular intervals called?

<p>Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum sampling rate required to accurately capture all information in an analog signal, according to the Nyquist Theorem?

<p>At least twice its highest frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is continuous and has an infinite range of values?

<p>Analog data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is discrete and represented in binary (0s and 1s)?

<p>Digital data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distortion caused by sampling below the Nyquist Rate called?

<p>Aliasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analog to digital conversion (ADC) transforms continuous analog signals into a digital form.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the analog to digital conversion (ADC) process?

<p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sound signal compression method that uses the PCM technique?

<p>ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the file format mainly used in Windows systems that is commonly used for audio recordings?

<p>WAV (RIFF Waveform Audio Format)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file format is known for its high-quality sound compression and decompression, standardized by ISO, and used for internet music distribution and portable players?

<p>MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MIDI file format focuses on capturing the actual sounds of the instruments, not just the notes themselves.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the image format that represents characters and images as a set of dots?

<p>BMP (Bit MaP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image format offers lossless compression and supports full color, often exceeding JPEG in terms of file size?

<p>PNG (Portable Network Graphics)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the file format that enables handling bit map images of various formats through the addition of tags?

<p>TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image format offers adjustable image quality and data amount through regulating the amount of compression?

<p>JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image format is known for its lossless compression, but supports only 256 colors, and is commonly used for image processing on the web?

<p>GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of file format is used for storing additional information, such as the photography time, in images taken by digital cameras?

<p>Exif (Exchangeable Image File Format)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which moving image file format was developed by Microsoft and used for streaming music distribution?

<p>WMA (Windows Media Audio)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which moving image file format is typically used in Windows systems and utilizes RIFF, a format for multimedia files?

<p>AVI (Audio Video Interleaving)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The QuickTime format primarily utilizes JPEG images for displaying video content.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) standards?

<p>To define video compression standards based on the quality of the image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the file format used for displaying 3D graphic data in images?

<p>VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a project?

<p>A temporary endeavor with a unique purpose, finite in nature, with a clear start and end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of a project?

<p>Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Projects are typically executed without facing any constraints.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gradual refinement process of a project's goals and plans as it progresses called?

<p>Progressive elaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of project organizational structure is characterized by having departments organized by functions, such as marketing, IT, and finance?

<p>Functional Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of project organizational structure combines functional and projectized structures, allowing team members to report to both a functional manager and a project manager?

<p>Matrix Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of project organizational structure is characterized by the entire organization being structured around projects, with project managers having full authority over resources and decision-making?

<p>Projectized Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core responsibility of a project manager?

<p>Inventory Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a project manager in terms of quality management?

<p>To ensure that deliverables meet the required standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of PMO provides templates, training, and best practices?

<p>Supportive PMO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of PMO directly manages projects, with high authority over project teams?

<p>Directive PMO</p> Signup and view all the answers

A controlling PMO enforces compliance with standards and methodologies, ensuring consistency across projects.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the project life cycle process groups?

<p>Designing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the project charter?

<p>To formally authorize the project and outline its objectives, key stakeholders, budget, and timeline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stakeholder register is a list of stakeholders only, without information about their roles, interests, or potential influence on the project.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the project management plan?

<p>To provide a comprehensive outline of all aspects of the project, including scope, schedule, cost, quality, resources, and risk management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the project's budget into manageable sections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are baseline plans used for in project management?

<p>To serve as references for monitoring project performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary outputs of the executing or implementing phase of the project life cycle?

<p>Project deliverables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performance reports in project management?

<p>To document the project's progress, achievements, and challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of change requests in the executing or implementing phase of the project life cycle?

<p>To propose alterations to the project scope, schedule, or budget.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of documents track identified risks and any issues encountered in a project?

<p>Risk and issue logs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of status reports in project management?

<p>To provide regular updates on project progress, highlighting performance against the baseline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the closing phase of the project life cycle?

<p>To officially complete the project, hand over deliverables, document outcomes, and gather feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the final project report?

<p>To summarize the project's objectives, outcomes, and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of project management methodology is known for its focus on flexibility, iterative progress, and customer collaboration?

<p>Agile Methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project management methodology focuses on achieving organizational alignment through project activities and provides a globally accepted standard?

<p>ISO 21500</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the globally recognized certification that enhances project management credibility?

<p>PMP (Project Management Professional)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Scrum in Agile methodology?

<p>To organize project work into Sprints, short cycles that produce potentially shippable product increments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Kanban in Agile methodology?

<p>To visualize workflow, limit work-in-progress, and improve efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Agile methodology emphasizes technical practices such as test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration?

<p>Extreme Programming (XP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a markup language?

<p>A set of rules for defining the structure and content of a document.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which markup language is a standard for defining the structure and content of web pages?

<p>HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which markup language was developed as an extension of SGML and is used for defining the content of web pages, ensuring consistency and accessibility?

<p>XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which markup language is a standard for defining the structure and content of documents and data, enabling the creation of structured data formats?

<p>XML (eXtensible Markup Language)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a compiler?

<p>To translate source code written in a programming language into machine code that a computer can directly execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where a computer interprets and executes source code line-by-line without first translating it into machine code?

<p>Interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compilation technique combines compilation and interpretation, performing compilation 'on the fly' during program execution?

<p>Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Java compiles directly into machine code, which the computer can execute immediately.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which language family typically uses a Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation approach, enabling code to be compiled 'on the fly' as it executes?

<p>.NET Languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of analog to digital conversion (ADC)?

<p>To transform continuous analog signals into a digital form</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sound file format is primarily used for music distribution over the internet?

<p>MP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of file format is specified to support full color and employs lossless compression?

<p>PNG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following file formats is primarily associated with sound signal compression methods?

<p>ADPCM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sound file format is specifically designed for electronic musical instruments to exchange music data?

<p>MIDI</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of the BMP file format compared to other image formats?

<p>It typically has a larger file size due to less effective compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image file format supports only 256 colors but utilizes lossless compression?

<p>GIF</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MPEG standards in moving image file formats?

<p>To regulate video resolution and quality during compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of sampling an analog signal below the Nyquist Rate?

<p>Loss of information due to aliasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step introduces quantization error in analog to digital conversion?

<p>Quantization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason computers use binary representation?

<p>Computers only understand electrical signals that represent two states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes digital data compared to analog data?

<p>It is less prone to noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different values can 4 bits represent?

<p>16 values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Nyquist Theorem is correct?

<p>It mandates a minimum sampling rate of at least twice the highest frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of steps in the analog to digital conversion process?

<p>Sampling, Quantization, Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What error can occur when converting certain decimal fractions to binary?

<p>Approximation errors due to repeating fractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting a decimal number to binary, which part of the number is divided by 2 repeatedly?

<p>The whole number part only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a common use of digital data?

<p>Digital images applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the encoding step in the analog to digital conversion process?

<p>To assign unique binary codes to quantized values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bit?

<p>The smallest unit of data representation, either 0 or 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a byte?

<p>It is made up of 8 bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sound processing, what technique is typically used for encoding analog signals into digital format?

<p>Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amount of information represented as the number of bits increases?

<p>The number of values doubles with each additional bit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 77?

<p>1001101</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the critical outputs of project closure documentation?

<p>Lessons Learned Document</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project management methodology emphasizes iterative progress and customer collaboration?

<p>Agile Methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used in Kanban to visualize workflow and limit work-in-progress?

<p>Kanban Board</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of report predominantly focuses on tracking identified risks and issues throughout the project?

<p>Risk and Issue Logs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stakeholder feedback in project closure activities?

<p>To assess project success and identify improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Scrum framework within Agile methodology?

<p>It organizes work into short cycles called Sprints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an output of the ongoing communication process with stakeholders during a project?

<p>Updated Project Plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the PMBOK framework provide for project management?

<p>A structured framework applicable to projects of any size</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of a functional organization structure?

<p>Limited collaboration across departments</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a weak matrix organization, what is the level of authority given to project managers?

<p>Low authority for project managers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of a projectized organization?

<p>Quick decision-making capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key skill required for effective project management?

<p>Data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a supportive PMO from a controlling PMO?

<p>Level of authority over projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the project life cycle is primarily focused on preparing for project execution?

<p>Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does scope management in project management primarily involve?

<p>Defining and controlling project inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of matrix organization allows for shared authority between project managers and functional managers?

<p>Balanced Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of the initiating phase in project management?

<p>Project Charter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is part of the planning phase in project management?

<p>Defining quality standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) provide in project management?

<p>A hierarchical decomposition of project scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document outlines the objectives, key stakeholders, budget, and timeline of a project?

<p>Project Charter</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the executing phase, what is the purpose of performance reports?

<p>To document project progress and challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key activity in controlling and monitoring within project management?

<p>Evaluating change requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does risk management in the planning phase involve?

<p>Identifying potential risks and planning responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which output serves as a foundation for monitoring project performance?

<p>Baseline Plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Representation

  • Data representation is the method computers use to store, process, and communicate information in a format both humans and computers understand.
  • Data needs to be in digital form (binary).
  • Binary (0s and 1s) allows for efficient processing and storage.

Why Computers Use Binary

  • Computers work with electrical signals that have two states: ON (1) and OFF (0).
  • Binary representation (0 and 1) effectively maps to those states, making it efficient and reliable.
  • Each binary digit is called a bit.

Units of Data Representation

  • Bit: The smallest unit, representing either 0 or 1.
  • Byte: 8 bits, representing 256 different values.
  • Word: A larger unit (16, 32, or 64 bits). More bits per word allows for faster computer processing speeds.

Information Amount and Binary Combinations

  • Information amount refers to the number of possible combinations of bits.
  • The number of possible values doubles with each additional bit.
  • Formula: 2n combinations with n bits.

Radix Conversion (Binary to Decimal)

  • Converting binary to decimal involves multiplying each binary digit by its place value (powers of 2).

Radix Conversion (Decimal to Binary)

  • Separating the integer and fractional parts.
  • Integer part: Repeatedly dividing by 2 until the quotient is 0.
  • Fractional part: Repeatedly multiplying by 2 until the fractional part is 0 or starts repeating.

Error in Data Representation

  • Some decimal fractions don't have exact binary equivalents.
  • Converting 0.1 to binary results in a repeating fraction.
  • This leads to approximation errors, especially in scientific computations.

Analog Data

  • Continuous data with an infinite range of values.
  • Ideal for representing natural signals (sound waves, light intensity, temperature changes).
  • Susceptible to noise.

Digital Data

  • Discrete data represented in binary (0s and 1s).
  • Characteristics: Finite values, discrete steps, less prone to noise.
  • Examples: Binary code, digital images, MP3 music files.

Nyquist Theorem

  • Defines the minimum sampling rate for an analog signal to be sampled accurately without distortion or loss.
  • To capture all information, sample at least twice the highest frequency.
  • Nyquist Rate: Minimum sampling rate = 2 × Highest Frequency.

Sampling

  • Measuring the amplitude of an analog signal at regular intervals creates discrete data points.

Aliasing

  • Distortion caused by sampling below the Nyquist Rate.
  • High-frequency components appear as lower frequencies.

Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)

  • The process of transforming a continuous analog signal into a digital format.
  • Breaks down an analog signal into discrete values.
  • Crucial for processing, storing, and transmitting complex signals in computers

Steps of ADC

  • Sampling: Converting analog to discrete time points. Sampling frequency should be twice the highest frequency of the analog signal (according to the Nyquist theorem). 
  • Quantization: Mapping sampled amplitudes to a fixed set of values (rounding). This step introduces quantization error. 
  • Encoding: Converting quantized values to a sequence of bits, creating the digital representation.

Sound Processing

  • Process of handling sound as digital data using A/D conversion techniques (ex: PCM).
  • Sampled values are rounded to the closest integer.
  • The discrete values are encoded in binary form.

Sound File Formats

  • MIDI (Musical Instruments Digital Interface): Exchanging music data between electronic instruments and PCs.
  • MP3 (MPEG1 Audio Layer3): High-quality sound compression for internet distribution.
  • WAV (RIFF Waveform Audio Format): Primarily used in Windows systems.
  • ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation): A sound signal compression technique that uses PCM.
  • WMA (Windows Media Audio): Microsoft streaming method.

Still Image File Formats

  • BMP (BitMap): Represents images as dots. High information amount.
  • TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): Adaptable file format for handling bitmaps.
  • JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): Enables adjusting image quality and data amount through compression.
  • GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): Supports 256 colors; a lossless compression format with relatively less data.

Still Image File Formats (continued)

  • PNG (Portable Network Graphics): Full-color support, expandable from GIF, lossless compression, more data than JPEG.
  • Exif (Exchangeable Image File Format): Stores meta-data (photography time) in image files.

Moving Image File Formats

  • MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group): Defined standards based on video quality to be compressed.
  • MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7 are specific standards.
  • QuickTime: Used to play back JPEG images continuously.
  • VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language): Displays 3D graphics.
  • AVI (Audio Video Interleaving): A Windows-based multimedia file format using RIFF (Resource Interchange File Format).

Project Management

  • A temporary endeavor with a unique purpose.
  • Finite in nature, has a clear start and end.
  • Carried out to accomplish specific goals and produce unique outcomes.

Key Characteristics of a Project

  • Temporary: Projects have a beginning and an end.
  • Unique Output: Projects yield unique results, whether a product, service, or a process.
  • Goal-Oriented: Specific objectives drive a project's direction and purpose.

Features of a Project

  • Temporary: Time-bound with a defined start and end.
  • Unique Output: Projects produce unique outcomes.
  • Progressive Elaboration: Projects refine goals and plans as they progress.
  • Constraints: Limited resources (time, money, materials) and quality standards.
  • Resource & Quality Requirements: Careful allocation of resources to ensure quality deliverables.

Project Organizational Structures

  • Functional: Departments organized by functions (e.g., Marketing, IT). Project roles assigned to departments, limited project manager authority. Advantages: high efficiency within specialized departments; Disadvantages: limited cross-departmental collaboration, slower decision-making.
  • Matrix: Combining functional and projectized structures, team members reporting to both a functional and a project manager. Types: Weak, Balanced, Strong. Advantages: Encourages resource sharing, collaboration; Disadvantages: Dual reporting creates conflicts.
  • Projectized: Entire organization structured around projects; project managers have full authority. Advantages: Strong focus on project goals, fast decision-making; Disadvantages: limited stability for employees once the project ends.

Core Responsibilities of a Project Manager

  • Scope Management: Defining and controlling project boundaries.
  • Schedule Management: Establishing and managing the project timeline.
  • Cost Management: Overseeing the project budget and expenses.
  • Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks.
  • Quality Management: Ensuring that deliverables meet quality standards.

Key Skills for Project Managers

  • Problem-solving: Addressing project challenges effectively.
  • Communication: Promoting clear communication within the team and with stakeholders.
  • Negotiation: Resolving conflicts, securing resources.
  • Leadership: Guiding the team towards success.

Types of Project Management Office (PMO)

  • Supportive PMO: Provides templates, training, and best practices.
  • Controlling PMO: Enforces compliance with standards and methodologies.
  • Directive PMO: Directly manages projects with significant authority over project teams.

Project Life Cycle Process Groups

  • Initiating: Defining project objectives, outlining key stakeholders.
  • Planning: Defining the work, developing the schedule, estimating costs, maintaining quality, managing risks, allocating resources, developing communication plans.
  • Executing (Implementing): Assigning tasks, building team cohesion, communicating with stakeholders, monitoring work processes.
  • Controlling and Monitoring: Tracking progress, making revisions as necessary, documenting risks and issues.
  • Closing: Transferring the deliverable, preparing closure documentation, gathering stakeholder feedback.

Project Management Methodology

  • PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge): Structured framework applicable to projects of any size or complexity.
  • ISO 21500: Standard for achieving organizational alignment through projects, enhancing comparability and quality.
  • Agile Methodology: Emphasis on flexibility, iterative progress, and customer collaboration.

Agile Methodology (Specifics)

  • Scrum: Organizing work into short cycles (Sprints) to produce working increments.
  • Kanban: Visualizing workflow and limiting work in progress to improve efficiency.
  • Extreme Programming (XP): Technical practices (test-driven development, pair programming, continuous integration) for enhanced software quality and responsiveness to customer needs.

Markup Languages (Timeline)

  • General Markup Language (GML).
  • Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
  • eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML).
  • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
  • eXtensible Markup Language (XML).

Compiled vs. Interpreted Languages

  • Compiled: Source code translated into machine code by a compiler before execution (C, C++, Go).
  • Interpreted: Source code executed line by line by an interpreter at runtime (Python, Ruby, JavaScript).
  • Hybrid: Combine compilation and interpretation (e.g., Java, .NET languages).

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Data Representation Unit 4 - University of the Cordilleras PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of data representation in computers, focusing on why binary (0s and 1s) is used for effective storage and processing. It covers the concepts of bits, bytes, and how information amounts are calculated based on binary combinations.

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