Data

Databases = Information storage and retrieval systems Data Mining = Analyzing large datasets to discover patterns and relationships Artificial Life = Simulating biological processes in artificial systems Singularity = Hypothetical future point of technological growth leading to unprecedented changes

Relational database model = Stores data elements in tables with rows representing records and columns representing fields Object-oriented database model = Consists of data values and operations, supporting complex data types more efficiently than relational databases Multidimensional database model = Organizes data into facts, dimensions, and numerical answers for interactive analysis Hierarchical database model = Organizes data in a tree-like structure with a one-to-many relationship between parent and child nodes

Oracle10g = Relational database management system DB2 = Relational database management system SQL Server = Relational database management system OLAP software = Multidimensional database management system

SELECT = Retrieve data from a database INSERT = Add new data to a database UPDATE = Modify existing data in a database DELETE = Remove data from a database

CAD and multimedia web-based applications = Object-oriented database model Interactive analysis and numerical answers = Multidimensional database model Flexibility in data storage and retrieval = Relational database model Tree-like data organization = Hierarchical database model

Data dictionary = Stores metadata and data definitions Repository = Stores schema, data, and metadata DBMS utilities = Provide tools for database management Report generator = Generates formatted reports from database data

Hierarchical model = Rigid structure with difficult updates Network model = Allows each child record to have more than one parent record Relational model = Uses tabular structure with rows and columns Object-oriented model = Organizes data into objects with methods to manipulate the data

Database Administrator (DBA) = Ensures recoverability, integrity, security, availability, reliability, and performance of a database DBMS packages = Provide quick, easy access to information stored in databases using specific data structures Multidimensional model = Uses multiple dimensions to organize data, often used in data warehousing and OLAP systems Data modeling = Involves working with end users and system analysts to model business processes and required data definitions and relationships

Hierarchical database = Organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships Relational database = Stores data in tables and uses keys to establish relationships between tables Object-oriented database = Stores data as objects, with methods and properties, to represent real-world objects Multidimensional database = Optimized for data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP)

Identifying data sources = Locating and understanding the various origins of data to be analyzed Performing data fusion and cleansing = Combining data from multiple sources and ensuring its accuracy and consistency Transporting data to a data warehouse = Moving the prepared data to a specialized database for analysis Analyzing large datasets to uncover hidden patterns = The primary objective of data mining

Regression analysis = Developing mathematical formulas to predict future trends based on extracted data patterns Classification analysis = Categorizing data based on patterns and attributes Regression problems = Involving predicting continuous values, such as house prices Classification problems = Involving categorizing data, like loan approvals

Data warehouse = A specialized database containing cleaned-up data and metadata, essential for data mining activities Web-browsing data trails = New data sources for Big Data encompassing user browsing activities Artificial intelligence tools = Utilized to analyze vast new data sets beyond standard databases Evolving world of Big Data = Continuously changing and influenced by new data sources, tools, and applications of artificial intelligence in data analysis

Character = A single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol Field (data item) = Consists of a grouping of related characters. Represents an attribute (characteristic) of some entity (object, person, place, event) Record = Grouping of all the fields used to describe the attributes of an entity File (table, flat file) = Group of related records

Primary Key = A field (or fields) in a record that holds unique data that identifies that record from all the other records in the table and in the database Foreign Key = Appear in other tables and usually refer to primary keys in particular tables; they are used to relate one table to another (to cross-reference data) Database Management System (DBMS) = Set of programs which are used to define, construct and manipulate the database Database = A logically organized collection of related data designed and built for a specific purpose

Reduced data redundancy = Redundant data is stored in multiple places, which causes problems keeping all the copies current Speed = Modern DBMSs are much faster than manual data-organization systems and faster than older computer-based database arrangements Improved data integrity = The data is accurate, consistent, and up to date Timeliness = The speed and efficiency of DBMSs generally ensure that data can be supplied in a timely fashion—when people need it

Ease of sharing = The data in a database belongs to and is shared, usually over a network, by an entire organization. The data is independent of the programs that process the data, and it is easy for nontechnical users to access it Ease of data maintenance = DBMS offers validation checks, backup utilities, and standard procedures for data inserting, updating, and deletion Forecasting capabilities = DBMSs can hold massive amounts of data that can be manipulated, studied, and compared in order to forecast behaviors in markets and other areas that can affect sales and marketing managers’ decisions as well as the decisions of administrators of educational institutions, hospitals, and other organizations Increased security = Although various departments may share data, access to specific information can be limited to selected users—called Authorization Control

Data organization and structure = Data must be organized and structured logically for easy access and efficient processing. Database definition = A database is an integrated collection of logically related data elements designed to consolidate and provide data. Primary key = A key field in a record holds unique data that identifies that record from others in the table and database. DBMS benefits = DBMS benefits include reduced data redundancy, improved data integrity, timeliness, ease of sharing, and increased security.

Data maintenance and forecasting = DBMS offers ease of data maintenance, forecasting capabilities, and validation checks for data integrity. Massive data manipulation = DBMS can hold massive amounts of data that can be manipulated and compared for forecasting behaviors. Authorization control = Access to specific information in a database can be limited to selected users through authorization control. Data independence = Data in a database is independent of the programs that process it and can be easily accessed by nontechnical users.

Hierarchical storage = Data is stored hierarchically, with files, records, and fields as basic units. Foreign keys = Foreign keys in tables are used to relate one table to another and cross-reference data. DBMS programs = Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of programs used to define, construct, and manipulate databases. Data consolidation = A database is a logically organized collection of related data designed for a specific purpose.