Data Communication Networks - Internetworking

A group of networks and routers controlled by a single administrative entity.

A router within an AS that has a link to the outside world.

RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, or EIGRP.

<p>Routing information between different Autonomous Systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BGP or EGP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each router tells its neighbors the shortest distance it has to a particular destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bad news travels slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>111.111.111.111</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>222.222.222.222</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>74-29-9C-E8-FF-55</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>R extracts the datagram and passes it up to the IP layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>222.222.222.222</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A must know B’s IP address, R's IP address, and R’s MAC address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The link-layer (Ethernet) layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP (Internet Protocol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;111.111.111.111&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To forward datagrams between different networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine where to send outgoing traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Destination&quot;, &quot;Next Hop&quot;, and &quot;Interface&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;eth0&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies the gateway for traffic not explicitly specified, set to 223.1.1.3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;223.1.9.1 (R2)&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;eth2&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;223.1.7.1(R3)&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;223.1.9.1 (R2)&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It means the destination network is directly accessible through the listed interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;eth0&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical network interfaces on the router.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of networks and routers controlled by a single administrative entity. They are connected to the rest of the world via gateways (routers with links to the outside world).

Routing protocols used within an Autonomous System (AS) to exchange routing information between routers. Common examples include RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, and EIGRP.

Routing protocols used between Autonomous Systems (ASs) to exchange routing information. The most common example is BGP.

A router within an AS that has a connection to the outside world. It serves as a bridge between the AS and the rest of the internet.

A type of routing protocol where each router informs its neighbors about the shortest distance it knows for a particular destination. Routers then use this information to update their routing tables.

The process where routing information is exchanged between routers in a way that outdated information can take time to propagate. This can lead to routing loops or inefficient paths.

A network where information about the shortest path to a destination is shared with all routers. Unlike distance-vector routing, it provides a more efficient and consistent route selection.

A router that collects information about nearby networks and maintains a routing table to guide data packets. This table lists the best path to reach destinations on different networks.

The process of sending a datagram from a source host to a destination host via a router that resides in a different subnet.

The address used at the IP layer to identify the source and destination hosts in a datagram.

The address used at the MAC layer to uniquely identify devices on a local network segment.

The first hop router is the router that the source host sends a datagram to when sending data to a destination host in a different subnet.

The process of determining the next hop in the routing path based on the destination IP address.

A layer 2 frame containing the datagram for the destination host.

Process of extracting the datagram from the frame at the intermediate router.

Router's task of selecting the appropriate outgoing interface based on the destination IP address in the datagram.

Process of re-encapsulation of the datagram within a new link-layer frame containing the destination host's MAC address.

Process of sending the newly created frame containing the datagram to the next hop router in the routing path.

In the world of networking, the IP address 222.222.222.220 is on the same network as the router R, meaning it's directly connected to the router's physical interface. This simplifies routing since the router doesn't need additional information to figure out where to send the data.

A router's routing table is like a guidebook to the internet, containing information about different networks and how the router can reach them. Each entry in the table maps a destination network to the next 'hop' (another router or network interface) that the router should use to forward packets to that destination.

Static routing involves manually configuring routes in the routing table by the network administrator. This is a straightforward approach, but it requires constant updates if the network changes.

Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn the best routes to other networks. This is an intelligent approach, but it's more complex than static routing.

Dynamic routing protocols can be categorized into two main types: Distance Vector and Link State. Their differences lie in how they gather and share routing information.

Distance Vector protocols rely on routers sharing their complete routing tables with their neighbors. This information is exchanged periodically, resulting in occasional route updates.

Link State protocols, in contrast, use a more efficient approach. Routers only share information about their directly connected neighbors and their routes to distant networks, using a flood-like approach.

The task of forwarding a datagram across networks is handled by routers. They act like traffic cops, deciding where to send the data based on its destination address and the routing table.

When a router receives a datagram destined for a network that is not directly connected, it needs to find a path to reach that network. This can involve forwarding the datagram to a nearby router that is closer to the final destination.

A network interface serves as a gateway between a device and the network. It translates digital signals into electrical signals and vice versa, facilitating communication.

Network layers in the TCP/IP model govern different aspects of communication. The physical layer handles the transmission of raw data bits, while the link layer adds addressing information for local networks.

Internetwork or Internetworking refers to the ability of networks to connect and exchange data with each other. This enables global connectivity with devices residing on diverse and potentially incompatible networks.

The datagram is a basic unit of data that's transmitted over a network. It contains the data to be sent, along with addressing information that guides its delivery.