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Questions and Answers
What is a key advantage of star topology in networking?
What is a key advantage of star topology in networking?
How does a switch function compared to a hub in a network?
How does a switch function compared to a hub in a network?
In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), what occurs when transforming an analog signal?
In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), what occurs when transforming an analog signal?
What is a main disadvantage of using a star topology?
What is a main disadvantage of using a star topology?
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What characterizes the operation of a hub in a network?
What characterizes the operation of a hub in a network?
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Which type of unguided media is characterized by needing proper alignment of antennas for transmission?
Which type of unguided media is characterized by needing proper alignment of antennas for transmission?
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What is NOT a characteristic of point-to-point topology?
What is NOT a characteristic of point-to-point topology?
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Which property of a network refers to the range of frequencies available for data transmission?
Which property of a network refers to the range of frequencies available for data transmission?
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Which type of unguided media can penetrate through buildings?
Which type of unguided media can penetrate through buildings?
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What does attenuation in signal transmission refer to?
What does attenuation in signal transmission refer to?
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Which technology utilizes infrared waves for communication?
Which technology utilizes infrared waves for communication?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of point-to-point topology?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of point-to-point topology?
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Which signal property refers to nonsensical received signals?
Which signal property refers to nonsensical received signals?
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What is a primary disadvantage of using Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables?
What is a primary disadvantage of using Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables?
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Which type of cable is known for eliminating crosstalk and provides better performance at higher data rates?
Which type of cable is known for eliminating crosstalk and provides better performance at higher data rates?
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Which of the following is a significant disadvantage of coaxial cables?
Which of the following is a significant disadvantage of coaxial cables?
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What is a key advantage of Optical Fiber Cable over other types of transmission media?
What is a key advantage of Optical Fiber Cable over other types of transmission media?
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Which type of media requires no physical medium for the transmission of signals?
Which type of media requires no physical medium for the transmission of signals?
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In what mode does coaxial cable imply dedicated bandwidth for transmission?
In what mode does coaxial cable imply dedicated bandwidth for transmission?
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The installation and maintenance of which transmission medium is generally considered difficult due to its fragility?
The installation and maintenance of which transmission medium is generally considered difficult due to its fragility?
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Which transmission medium is primarily used for telephonic applications?
Which transmission medium is primarily used for telephonic applications?
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Study Notes
Data Communication and Computer Networking
- Data communication is the process of transmitting data between two or more devices over a transmission medium.
- A communication model involves a source (sender), transmission system, and destination (receiver).
- A computer network links two or more computers to share resources using a communication medium.
- Signals are electronic voltage or current that vary with time, used for data transfer.
- Analog signals are continuous waveforms (e.g., sound, light), while digital signals use discrete values (binary values, 1s and 0s).
- Signal properties include amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase.
- Propagation speed varies depending on the transmission medium.
- Analog signals are less adaptable, continuous, and use a wide range of amplitude values, while digital signals are discrete, usually represented by square waves, and more adaptable.
- Analog wave types are sinusoidal, while digital signals are square waves.
- Analog signals use wired or wireless transmission mediums, while digital signals primarily use wired ones.
- Analog signals use positive and negative values, but digital signals are positive.
Signal Properties
- Amplitude: The height of the wave, measured in meters.
- Frequency: The number of complete waves passing a point in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Wavelength: The distance between adjacent crests (peaks) of a wave, measured in meters.
- Phase: The position of a point in time (instant) on a waveform cycle.
Analog and Digital Signal Characteristics
- Adaptability: Analog signals are less adjustable than digital ones.
- Continuity: Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals are discrete.
- Data type: Analog signals are continuous in nature, while digital signals are discrete.
- Wave type: Analog signals are sinusoidal, whereas digital signals are square waves.
- Transmission Medium: Analog signals can use wired or wireless mediums, while digital signals are predominantly wired.
- Values: Analog signals use positive and negative values, whereas digital signals are positive.
Signal Conversion
- Amplitude Modulation (AM): The amplitude of the carrier signal varies according to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
- Frequency Modulation (FM): The frequency of the carrier signal changes according to the frequency of the modulating signal.
- Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier signal is modulated to reflect the changes in voltage of the analog data signal.
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): The amplitude of the carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data (1s and 0s).
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): The frequency of the carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK): The phase of the carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.
Signal Encoding Schemes
- Non-return to Zero Level (NRZ-L): Uses different voltages for 0s and 1s, voltage remains constant during a bit interval.
- Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZ-I): A "1" is represented by a transition of the physical level, a "0" has no transition.
- Manchester Encoding: Voltage changes from low to high or high to low in the middle of the signal.
- Differential Manchester Encoding: A transition in the middle of the bit interval indicates a "0", no transition indicates a "1".
Transmission Media
- Guided Media: Wired transmission media (e.g., Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber Cable).
- Unguided Media: Wireless transmission media (e.g., Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared). -Twisted Pair Cable(UTP,STP) -Coaxial Cable -Optical Fiber Cable
Network Topologies
- Star Topology: Each device is connected directly to a central hub or switch.
- Bus Topology: Devices are connected to a single cable.
- Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a loop.
- Tree Topology: Combines characteristics of bus and star topologies.
- Mesh Topology: Every computer/device is connected to every other.
Media Access Control (MAC) Protocol
- ALOHA: A communication system, used in cases where there are many devices/nodes that use a same medium.
- Slotted ALOHA: A different implementation of a communication system that is used in cases where there are many devices/nodes that use a same medium that have special time slots.
- Ethernet: A traditional technology for connecting devices in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).
Internet Protocols
- Gateway: A router equipped with information that leads to route packets to the destination host.
- Bridge: Connects two LANs working on the same protocol.
- Router: A device/service that routes IP packets between networks.
- Network Address Translation (NAT)/Proxies: Used for translating addresses when connecting to the internet or large corporations.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of data communication and computer networking in this quiz. Learn about the various signals, the communication model, and the differences between analog and digital signals. Test your knowledge on key concepts that facilitate data transmission across networks.
