Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does primary data refer to?
What does primary data refer to?
- Data that needs verification for accuracy and validity
- Data collected firsthand by the investigator (correct)
- Data that is collected using secondary sources
- Data derived from multiple studies
Which of the following is NOT a reason to collect data?
Which of the following is NOT a reason to collect data?
- Guide in implementation and monitoring
- Reliable decision making
- To prioritize personal preferences (correct)
- Proper allocation of resources
Which of the following best describes secondary data?
Which of the following best describes secondary data?
- Data collected for the first time for a new research project
- Data collected directly from stakeholders
- Data used only by the original collector
- Data that has already been collected and exists (correct)
Why is it essential to check the accuracy and validity of secondary data?
Why is it essential to check the accuracy and validity of secondary data?
What is a characteristic of data according to its plural form?
What is a characteristic of data according to its plural form?
Which method is essential for proper resource allocation?
Which method is essential for proper resource allocation?
How can data collection guide implementation and monitoring?
How can data collection guide implementation and monitoring?
What is a major limitation of using a questionnaire?
What is a major limitation of using a questionnaire?
What should researchers consider when deciding what type of data to collect?
What should researchers consider when deciding what type of data to collect?
Why might follow-ups be necessary in a questionnaire survey?
Why might follow-ups be necessary in a questionnaire survey?
Which of the following is an advantage of using an interview schedule?
Which of the following is an advantage of using an interview schedule?
What can distort the returns of an interview schedule?
What can distort the returns of an interview schedule?
What is a disadvantage associated with interview schedules?
What is a disadvantage associated with interview schedules?
How do interview schedules facilitate the response process compared to questionnaires?
How do interview schedules facilitate the response process compared to questionnaires?
What characteristic of observation makes it a classic method of data collection?
What characteristic of observation makes it a classic method of data collection?
What is a key requirement for using an interview schedule effectively?
What is a key requirement for using an interview schedule effectively?
What is the primary aim of inquiry design?
What is the primary aim of inquiry design?
Which of the following should be avoided in question wording?
Which of the following should be avoided in question wording?
Why is it important to avoid leading questions?
Why is it important to avoid leading questions?
What should be considered when developing questions for a survey?
What should be considered when developing questions for a survey?
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for question development?
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for question development?
What is an example of a double-barreled question?
What is an example of a double-barreled question?
Which approach helps to avoid ambiguous questions?
Which approach helps to avoid ambiguous questions?
What is a characteristic of emotionally charged words in questions?
What is a characteristic of emotionally charged words in questions?
What is an important consideration when crafting questions for a survey?
What is an important consideration when crafting questions for a survey?
How should sensitive questions be presented in a questionnaire?
How should sensitive questions be presented in a questionnaire?
What type of questions should be avoided in a survey?
What type of questions should be avoided in a survey?
Which statement about the format of questions is correct?
Which statement about the format of questions is correct?
What is a primary goal when starting a questionnaire?
What is a primary goal when starting a questionnaire?
How can a questionnaire facilitate easier data processing?
How can a questionnaire facilitate easier data processing?
Why is it essential to minimize the writing required by the interviewer?
Why is it essential to minimize the writing required by the interviewer?
What can help bolster a respondent's confidence during a survey?
What can help bolster a respondent's confidence during a survey?
What is a key advantage of observational research?
What is a key advantage of observational research?
What is a significant limitation of observation as a research method?
What is a significant limitation of observation as a research method?
When utilizing the experimental method, what is typically manipulated?
When utilizing the experimental method, what is typically manipulated?
What is one of the main advantages of collecting secondary data?
What is one of the main advantages of collecting secondary data?
Which type of secondary data encompasses diaries and biographies?
Which type of secondary data encompasses diaries and biographies?
What is a characteristic of statistical records?
What is a characteristic of statistical records?
A disadvantage of personal documents as a data source is that they tend to be:
A disadvantage of personal documents as a data source is that they tend to be:
What is a major concern when relying on secondary data?
What is a major concern when relying on secondary data?
What advantage does observation have over interviews in certain research areas?
What advantage does observation have over interviews in certain research areas?
Which method is typically noted as the most powerful for data collection?
Which method is typically noted as the most powerful for data collection?
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Study Notes
Data Collection Overview
- Data refers to measurements from response variables from population elements, either singular or plural.
- Example of singular data: Freeway space – 8 mm; Intercanine dimension – 32 mm.
- Example of plural data: DMFT rates of 42 subjects.
Importance of Data Collection
- Enables reliable and systematic decision-making.
- Aids in strategic planning and analysis.
- Assists in prioritizing groups and resource allocation.
- Guides implementation and monitoring processes.
Categories of Data
- Primary Data: Collected firsthand by the investigator; used directly by the person or agency that gathered it.
- Secondary Data: Derived from existing sources; must be validated for accuracy.
Data Collection Methods
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Limitations of Questionnaires:
- Respondents may skip questions or misinterpret them.
- Low response rate may necessitate follow-ups.
- Reliability of responses is often difficult to verify.
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Interview Schedule:
- Involves personal interaction between interviewer and respondent.
- Higher response rates due to direct engagement.
- Interviewer can observe social context and clarify questions.
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Limitations of Interview Schedule:
- More resource-intensive (time and cost).
- Potential bias from interviewer's influence.
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Observation:
- Effective when respondents cannot provide information (e.g., infants, animals).
- Leads to firsthand accounts with less recall distortion.
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Experimental Method:
- Involves control of all factors aside from the studied variable.
- Most powerful data collection method, yielding quick and varied results.
Secondary Data Collection Methods
- Documentary Sources: Includes official records (e.g., birth registries) requiring permissions.
- Statistical Records: Information gathered over time for longitudinal studies; doesn't depend on participant cooperation.
- Personal Documents: Diaries, letters providing rich qualitative insights, but may be biased and unrepresentative.
Guidelines for Effective Data Collection
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Align data collection methods with study objectives, time, resources, and urgency.
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Question formatting guidelines include:
- Ensure clarity and relevance of each question.
- Be empathetic to respondents' privacy concerns.
- Avoid leading, ambiguous, or overly complex questions.
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Sequence questions to build confidence and engagement; use clear formatting for ease of understanding.
Summary of Effective Questionnaires/Schedules
- Must be easy to understand, fill out, and follow.
- Incorporate clear instructions and minimize complex writing requirements.
- Plan for data processing needs and consider ease of analysis for open-ended questions.
Activity and Assessment
- Review previous lecture notes on data collection.
- Engage in additional readings using reliable sources and library resources.
- Assessment occurs in face-to-face sessions with worksheets.
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