topic 2

False (B)

<p>Fossil evidence of extinct mammals similar to present-day species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living species resemble fossil species in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>time; space</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are slow and ongoing over long time periods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmutation = The change of species over time Theory of Evolution = Darwin's idea about gradual change The Beagle = Darwin's ship during his voyage Fossil Evidence = Remnants of extinct species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bridge morphological gaps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin = Proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection Transitional species = Species that demonstrate evolutionary changes Biogeography = Study of geographic distribution of species DNA sequencing = Method providing evidence of common descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reports on fossil collections and geology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They both lead to adaptation in species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>biogeographical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection = The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. Artificial selection = The intentional breeding of organisms with desirable traits. Common descent = The theory that all living organisms share a common ancestor. Evolution = The gradual development of organisms over time through changes in heritable characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>artificial selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batesian mimicry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Selection = The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Artificial Selection = The intentional breeding of organisms to produce desired traits. Adaptation = The process that leads to traits that better enable an organism to survive. Pigeon Breeding = An example Darwin used to illustrate artificial selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observations of diverse species and their adaptations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>geology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution occurs through natural selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of fossil evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Batesian mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amazon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No new species via artificial selection = Darwin's view that varieties and species are similar Complex organs unlikely to be advantageous = Darwin's examples of gradual advantages at early stages Earth not old enough = Lord Kelvin's estimation of Earth's age Natural selection exhausts variation = Misunderstanding of inheritance in Darwin's time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immutability of species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alfred Russel Wallace</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate evolutionary changes in response to temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>experimental evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protozoans could survive in temperatures exceeding 66°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>66°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early thinkers often explained the world through creation stories. Later, Greek philosophers started using natural explanations but didn't test their ideas systematically. Aristotle emphasized observation but saw the world as unchanging.

The idea that the complexity of nature points towards a creator's design.

Aristotle's concept of a linear hierarchy of life from simplest to most complex (Great Chain of Being).

Organisms change over time by acquiring traits during their lifetime, which are then passed down to their offspring.

Darwin's observations of the natural world during his travels on the HMS Beagle profoundly influenced his ideas about evolution.

Organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Similarities in characteristics resulting from shared ancestry.

Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms used to understand past life and evolution of species.

Testing evolutionary principles using controlled experiments, often with microorganisms.

Evidence that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor.

Fossils show species change over time, not fixed.

Fossils showing intermediate stages in evolution.

An example of how fossils show evolutionary transitions, such as whale ancestors.

The geographic distribution of species.

Evolutionary change over time.

Evolutionary idea widely accepted, supported by tons of evidence.

DNA analysis strongly supports the idea of common descent.

Fossil mammals in South America resembled present-day species, but were different. This challenged the idea of unchanging species.

Geological patterns are the result of long, slow, ongoing processes.

Species change over time, rather than being fixed.

Darwin gathered experts' opinions, reported on collections, published travel accounts, and explored geology during his two decades pre-publication.

Evolution is driven by the gradual accumulation of small changes over time.

Darwin believed the Earth was extremely old, which supported his findings.

A mechanism explaining how species transform, still missing. Darwin looked for it post-voyage.

Darwin's post-Voyage work was extensive, including arranging expert consultations, publishing his observations and more.

The process in which humans select desirable traits in organisms and breed them, leading to desired characteristics in offspring.

If specific conditions exist, natural selection is the necessary outcome.

The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce in its environment.

Used by humans to produce different breeds of animals (like pigeons) or varieties of crops with desired traits.

A classic example of experimental evolution where a protozoan species was gradually exposed to higher temperatures, leading to adaptation.

Natural selection occurs when nature favors organisms with traits that promote survival and reproduction in their environment. Artificial selection involves humans intentionally selecting organisms with desirable traits for breeding.

No, Dallinger's experiment demonstrates natural selection. The protozoans were not intentionally bred by Dallinger; their survival and reproduction were based on their ability to tolerate increasing temperatures.

The principle is that evolution can be observed and studied in a controlled environment. By manipulating conditions, researchers can track how organisms adapt.

Experimental evolution provides strong evidence for the theory of evolution by demonstrating that populations can change over time in response to environmental pressures.

Darwin's theory of natural selection faced several objections in its early days, centered around the lack of observed speciation, the perceived complexity of organs like the eye, and the misunderstanding of inheritance.

Critics argued that artificial selection only produced varieties, not new species. Darwin believed varieties and species were on a spectrum, and artificial selection provided valuable insights into natural selection's mechanisms.

Critics questioned how complex organs, like the eye, could evolve through gradual steps, as each step would seemingly need to be advantageous. Darwin countered this by explaining how even seemingly rudimentary features could be beneficial, hinting at a gradual process of evolution.

Early critics argued against the time required for natural selection to work, citing limited geological estimations. However, later understanding of Earth's age supported Darwin's theory.

Darwin's theory was challenged by the misconception of 'blending inheritance,' which suggested that variations would be diluted over time, hindering natural selection. This was later debunked by the discovery of Mendelian genetics.

Despite the brilliance of Darwin's theory, direct evidence for natural selection in action was initially scarce, leading to skepticism.

Henry Walter Bates's study of butterflies in the Amazon rainforest provided early observational evidence for natural selection. He documented how a palatable butterfly species gained protection by mimicking an unpalatable species.

The lack of direct evidence initially hindered the acceptance of natural selection but the emergence of observation-based studies, like those of Bates, provided significant confirmation.